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Different lower-limb kinematics and kinetics were found between EE and level walking. Smaller vertical PRF and loading rates during EE were achieved at the expense of greater hip flexor and knee extensor moments. Use of the elliptical trainer for athletic and rehabilitative training would have to consider users' joint function and muscle strength, especially at the knee, to avoid injuries.

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Objective: To develop and determine the reliability of a newly -designed resistance-enhanced dynamometer for muscle strength measurement, and to test the hypothesis that enhancing the examiner's resisting force improves the reliability of manual muscle strength measurements. Design: An intra-examiner, inter-examiner, intra-session and inter-session reliability study. Subjects: Twenty-five men (mean age 22.5 (standard deviation (SD) 1.7) years) were tested separately by 2 examiners using the resistance-enhanced dynamometer and a traditional hand-held dynamometer for an intra-and inter-examiner reliability study. Twenty-seven volunteers (mean age 22.1 (SD 0.8) years) were tested by a female examiner using the resistance-enhanced dynamometer for an intra-and inter-session reliability study.

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