In this article, we propose a new ability approach to reappraisal that focuses on individual differences in the ability to spontaneously generate different reappraisals for critical situations. Adopting concepts from the realms of creativity and divergent thinking, we developed the Reappraisal Inventiveness Test (RIT) to measure a person's fluency and flexibility in inventing as many categorically different reappraisals for an anger-eliciting situation as possible within a limited period of time. The results of two studies in which we examined the psychometric characteristics of the RIT provided evidence that the RIT produces reliable test scores. The construct validity of the RIT was confirmed by positive associations of reappraisal inventiveness with openness to experience and tests that measure divergent thinking. Moreover, RIT performance proved to be unrelated to the self-reported habitual use of reappraisal, indicating differences between ability tests and self-report measures. RIT performance was not significantly related to Neuroticism or to trait anger. In our view, this points to the notion that effective emotion regulation is a function of both the ability and the motivation to act upon one's ability to generate reappraisals for critical situations.

Summary: A case formulation is the result of a complex process of interaction between assessing and assessed persons. There are many factors that exert their influence on this process and its result, although they are usually not even mentioned in the case formulation. This raises the question “What are the structure and characteristics of an adequate case formulation?”. Two different answers to this question are elaborated, both of which rely on an understanding of case formulations as structured sets of idiographic hypotheses, and are distinguished by different explications of the concept of idiographic hypothesis. The implications of the respective explications of the concept of idiographic hypothesis for the concept of case formulation are discussed. Finally, the question “If case formulations are construed as structured sets of idiographic hypotheses, how is the term 'structured set' to be understood?” is briefly addressed.

Summary: Current existing or proposed standards and guidelines in the field of psychological assessment are confined to psychological tests and psychological testing. But tests constitute only one category of psychological assessment procedures, and testing is only one of many available strategies or classes of actions in the course of the assessment process. Tests and testing are closely linked to a certain approach to psychological assessment, i. e., the psychometric one. This is one reason why it is relatively easy to formulate and establish standards or guidelines in the case of psychological tests and testing. The much more comprehensive assessment process is an indispensable part of any approach to psychological assessment, even of those that do not use psychometric tests. This makes the formulation of guidelines for the assessment process an ambitious and very difficult enterprise. But it can be done, at least at the level of recommendations that could help the assessor to cope with the complexities and demands of assessment processes in various contexts of psychological assessment. The European Association of Psychological Assessment (EAPA) decided to sponsor the development of Guidelines for the Assessment Process (GAP), setting up a Task Force for this specific purpose. The GAP introduced in this paper are intended as a first proposal to initiate a broad discussion about how to improve the practice of psychological assessment and the education and training of psychological assessors.

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Zusammenfassung. Die internationale Forschung im Bereich der Hochschulzulassung zeigt eindrücklich, dass Leistungstests gute Prädiktoren der späteren Studienleistung sind und inkrementelle Validität über Schulnoten hinaus aufweisen. An deutschen Hochschulen ist der Einsatz standardisierter Leistungstests jedoch nach wie vor die Ausnahme. In der vorliegenden Arbeit schildern wir die Entwicklung und Validierung einer Testbatterie für die Zulassung von Psychologiestudierenden an deutschen Hochschulen. Im Rahmen der Testung von 1187 Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern für die Vergabe von 60 Studienplätzen prüfen wir mit Strukturgleichungsmodellen und Regressionsanalysen die prädiktive und inkrementelle Validität der neuen Testbatterie. Neben einem allgemeinen Faktor für das schlussfolgernde Denken kann auf der Prädiktorseite ein zweiter, geschachtelter Faktor für relevantes Vorwissen etabliert werden. Beide latenten Faktoren tragen nennenswert zur Vorhersage der Studienleistungen bei. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen nachdrücklich die Forderung, bei der Zulassung zu Studiengängen mit hohem Bewerberandrang Leistungstests einzusetzen. Neben schlussfolgerndem Denken verdient das relevante Vorwissen besondere Beachtung.