Normal prostate glands from 6 men less than 30 years old and enucleated tissue of benign prostatic hyperplasia were analyzed by stereological methods. Studies on the relative volumetric amount of fibromuscular (stromal) and glandular areas of the gland reveal no statistically significant difference between the inner and outer parts of the normal prostate and between the inner part of the normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, in benign prostatic hyperplasia there is a significant increase in the volumetric amount of the fibromuscular tissue and a decrease in the glandular area compared to the outer part of the normal prostate and the whole normal prostate (sum of the inner and the outer parts). These stereological data are discussed with respect to the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The diameter of 261 middle cerebral and 225 anterior cerebral arteries was measured on half axial antero-posterior (ap) view, and the diameter of 217 internal carotid arteries on side view angiograms. Mean diameter was significantly larger by 9.3%, 8.8% and 9.7% respectively in males than in females. In the females the vessels of the left hemisphere were wider but not significantly so than those of the right hemisphere, and the contrary was true for the males. In both sexes the side difference was reversed in the eighth decennium. There was no correlation of vessel diameter with age except for a statistically significant increase by 7.8% of right middle cerebral artery diameter in males from the fifth to the sixth decennium.

No abstract

Using a special probe holder, cross-sectional area and time-averaged mean spatial velocity of the internal jugular vein were measured by means of a duplex scanner and multiplied to calculate volume flow. In a cohort of 100 subjects ages 21 to 70 years, average right plus left flow was 740 ± 209 mlfmin. Flow was 8.7% lower in females than in males. Normalization of flow to 100 g I n an earlier paper 1 we proposed a method for ultrasonically assessing internal jugular venous flow (IJVF) through multiplication of mean cross-sectional area by time-averaged mean spatial velocity. With this technique area measurement was made using the planimetric system of a linear array scanner and velocity measurement by means of a single-gated pulsed wave Doppler device. A double-beam technique originally described by Peronneau et al 2 was used for angle determination.The present study was undertaken to find out whether the determination of IJVF based on ultrasonic area and velocity measurement could alternatively be accom· plished by means of a commercially available duplex scanner and, if so, how the values obtained compared with those measured with our earlier technique. It was anticipated that with such a method IJVF could be noninvasively investigated on a broader base, including pa· tients having cerebrovascular pathology.