The objective of this paper is to show the results of an industrial project dealing with modelling of anaerobic digesters. A multi-scale mathematical approach is developed to describe reactor hydrodynamics, granule growth/distribution and microbial competition/inhibition for substrate/space within the biofilm. The main biochemical and physico-chemical processes in the model are based on the Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1 (ADM1) extended with the fate of phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) and ethanol (Et-OH). Wastewater dynamic conditions are reproduced and data frequency increased using the Benchmark Simulation Model No 2 (BSM2) influent generator. All models are tested using two plant data sets corresponding to different operational periods (#D1, #D2). Simulation results reveal that the proposed approach can satisfactorily describe the transformation of organics, nutrients and minerals, the production of methane, carbon dioxide and sulfide and the potential formation of precipitates within the bulk (average deviation between computer simulations and measurements for both #D1, #D2 is around 10%). Model predictions suggest a stratified structure within the granule which is the result of: 1) applied loading rates, 2) mass transfer limitations and 3) specific (bacterial) affinity for substrate. Hence, inerts (X) and methanogens (X) are situated in the inner zone, and this fraction lowers as the radius increases favouring the presence of acidogens (X,X, X) and acetogens (X,X). Additional simulations show the effects on the overall process performance when operational (pH) and loading (S:COD) conditions are modified. Lastly, the effect of intra-granular precipitation on the overall organic/inorganic distribution is assessed at: 1) different times; and, 2) reactor heights. Finally, the possibilities and opportunities offered by the proposed approach for conducting engineering optimization projects are discussed.

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In this study, the impact of the hydrogen partial pressure on lactate degradation was investigated in a coculture of Desulfovibrio sp. G11 and Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus DH1. To impose a change of the hydrogen partial pressure, formate was added to the reactor. Hydrogen results from the bioconversion of formate besides lactate in the liquid phase. In the presence of a hydrogen-consuming methanogen, this approach allows for a better estimation of low dissolved hydrogen concentrations than under conditions where hydrogen is supplied externally from the gas phase, resulting in a more accurate determination of kinetic parameters. A change of the hydrogen partial pressure from 1,200 to 250 ppm resulted in a threefold increase of the biomass-specific lactate consumption rate. The 50 % inhibition constant of hydrogen on lactate degradation was determined as 0.692 ± 0.064 μM dissolved hydrogen (831 ± 77 ppm hydrogen in the gas phase). Moreover, for the first time, the maximum biomass-specific lactate consumption rate of Desulfovibrio sp. G11 (0.083 ± 0.006 mol-Lac/mol-XG11/h) and the affinity constant for hydrogen uptake of Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus DH1 (0.601 ± 0.022 μM dissolved hydrogen) were determined. Contrary to the widely established view that the biomass-specific growth rate of a methanogenic coculture is determined by the hydrogen-utilizing partner; here, it was found that the hydrogen-producing bacterium determined the biomass-specific growth rate of the coculture grown on lactate and formate.

Digital media can reflect and reify normative expectations in the non-digital world. Parents are increasingly engaging with online media to seek information and support. Online parenting forums therefore act as key windows into current perceptions surrounding parenthood and child rearing. My study aims to investigate differences in parenting expectations between mothers and fathers on online parenting forums. I conducted a cyber ethnography of two Reddit subforums, Mommit and Daddit, to investigate how parents negotiate gendered parenting discourses on these two parenting subforums. Using a grounded theory approach, I extract key themes surrounding mothering and fathering expectations relating to (1) parental responsibilities, (2) women and men’s self-identity as parents, and (3) mothers’ and fathers’ relationships with their partners. My discourse analysis reveals that both Mommit and Daddit work to deconstruct certain normative pressures surrounding motherhood and fatherhood, but simultaneously reaffirm traditional gendered parenting expectations. These forums act as an avenue for users to deconstruct expectations that frustrate users: Daddit users contest the expectation that fathers are not apt child carers, and Mommit users contest the expectation that women are exclusively, and naturally skilled, child carers. However, at the same time, users cannot fully escape normative pressures, and indeed these forums reinforce a gendered primary-secondary divide between mothers and fathers in caretaking responsibilities and practices.

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In this paper, a multi-scale model is used to assess the multiple mineral precipitation potential in a full-scale anaerobic granular sludge system. Reactor behaviour is analysed under different operational conditions (addition/no addition of reject water from dewatering of lime-stabilized biomass) and periods of time (short/long term). Model predictions suggest that a higher contribution of reject water promotes the risk of intra-granule CaCO3 formation as a result of the increased quantity of calcium arriving with that stream combined with strong pH gradients within the biofilm. The distribution of these precipitates depends on: (i) reactor height; and (ii) granule size. The study also exposes the potential undesirable effects of the long-term addition of reject water (a decrease in energy recovery of 20% over a 100-day period), caused by loss in biomass activity (due to microbial displacement), and the reduced buffer capacity. This demonstrates how both short-term and long-term operational conditions may affect the formation of precipitates within anaerobic granules, and how it may influence methane production and consequently energy recovery.

The syntrophic cooperation between hydrogen-producing acetogens and hydrogenotrophic methanogens relies on a critical balance between both partners. A recent study, provided several indications for the dependence of the biomass-specific growth rate of a methanogenic coculture on the acetogen. Nevertheless, final experimental proof was lacking since biomass-specific rates were obtained from a descriptive model, and not from direct measurement of individual biomass concentrations. In this study, a recently developed quantitative PCR approach was used to measure the individual biomass concentrations in the coculture of Desulfovibrio sp. G11 and Methanospirillum hungatei JF1 on lactate, formate or both. The model-derived growth yields and biomass-specific rates were successfully validated. Experimental findings identified the acetogen as the growth-limiting partner in the coculture on lactate. While the acetogen was operating at its maximum biomass-specific lactate consumption rate, the hydrogenotrophic methanogen showed a significant overcapacity. Furthermore, this study provides experimental evidence for different growth strategies followed by the syntrophic partners in order to maintain a common biomass-specific growth rate. During syntrophic lactate conversion, the biomass-specific electron transfer rate of Methanospirillum hungatei JF1 was three-fold higher compared to Desulfovibrio sp. G11. This is to compensate for the lower methanogenic biomass yield per electron-mole of substrate, which is dictated by the thermodynamics of the underlying reaction.

The objective of this paper is to present the model-based optimization results of an anaerobic granular sludge internal circulation reactor. The International Water Association Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 extended with phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and ethanol is used to describe the main biological and physico-chemical processes. The high-rate conditions within the reactor are simulated using a flow + reactor model comprised of a series of continuous stirred tank reactors followed by an ideal total suspended solids separation unit. Following parameter estimation by least squares on the measured data, the model had a relative mean error of 13 and 15% for data set #1 and data set #2, respectively. Response surfaces show that the reactor performance index (a metric combining energy recovery in the form of heat and electricity, as well as chemicals needed for pH control) could be improved by 45% when reactor pH is reduced down to 6.8. Model-based results reveal that influent S does not impose sufficient negative impacts on energy recovery (+5.7%, in MWh/day,+0.20 M€/year when influent S is removed) to warrant the cost of its removal (3.58 M€/year). In fact, the process could handle even higher S loads (ensuring the same degree of conversion) as long as the pH is maintained above 6.8. Nevertheless, a higher S load substantially increases the amount of added NaOH to maintain the desired operational pH (>25%) due to the acidic behavior of HS . CO stripping decreases the buffer capacity of the system and hence use of chemicals for pH control. Finally, the paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of the proposed approach, and how the results of this study will be put into practice.