With the increasing number of cancer cases worldwide, genetic testing for familiar cancers seems inevitable, yet little is known on population interest and the monetary value for cancer genetic risk information. The current study aimed to determine the willingness to undergo and pay for cancer genetic testing among the Malaysian population. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to cancer patients and their family members in the oncology and daycare units in several government hospitals. Of 641 respondents (354 patients, 287 family members), 267 (41.7%) were willing to undergo cancer genetic testing. The median that respondents were willing to pay was USD 48.31 (MYR 200.00) IQR USD 96.91 (MYR 400), while 143 (22.3%) respondents were willing to pay a shared cost with the insurance company. Regression analysis identified independent positive predictors of willingness to pay as respondent’s status as a family member, high education level, and willingness to undergo cancer genetic testing in general, while in patients, female gender and high level of education were identified as independent positive predictors. Generally, the population needs more information to undergo and pay for cancer genetic testing. This will increase the utilization of the services offered, and with cost-sharing practices with the provider, it can be implemented population-wide.
INTRODUCTION: Increasing use of predictive genetic testing to address hereditary cancer risk has been commonly assessed by cost sharing practices. Little is known about how demographics, knowledge, attitude and practices may influence these individuals’ willingness to pay for cancer genetic testing. The objective of this research was to determine factors associated with willingness to pay for cancer genetic testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 175 respondents in the oncology and day care unit in one of tertiary healthcare centre. The respondents comprised cancer patients, their family members and the community. RESULTS: A total of 117 (66.9%) participants were willing to pay for cancer genetic testing. Ninety three (79.5%) of respondents were willing to pay from their own pocket with a mean of MYR1201.77 (SD976.72) and 95 (54.3%) respondents were willing to pay, shared with insurance. There were significant associations between willingness to pay with status of respondent as patients or family members or community, gender, race, educational level, income, knowledge and attitude. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to evaluate factors associated with willingness to pay not only among cancer patients but also their family members and the community. These findings reveal that majority of respondents believe there is valuable personal benefit based on genetic risk information and they are willing to pay for it.
The aim of this study was to develop a continuous professional development training module based on multicultural counselling competency for professional counsellors in Malaysia. The research methodology comprised three phases: (i) training need assessment using survey method, (ii) module design and development and (iii) module evaluation using an experimental design. First, the Multicultural Counselling Competency Survey-Malaysian Counsellor Edition questionnaire was used to collect data from 116 professional counsellors from various work settings. The results clearly indicated the need for continuous professional development training to enhance counsellors’ multicultural counselling competency. The development of the training module adopted Sidek’s model, a Malaysian-based framework for module development. The developed training module was then evaluated for its effectiveness through analysing its content validity and reliability. Results revealed that the training module scored high content validity value of 77.2% (0.77) and satisfactory reliability level (alpha Cronbach’s coefficient value of 0.75). The overall findings of the present research imply that the continuous professional development training module is necessary for enhancing multicultural counselling competency of Malaysian professional counsellors.
The study investigated the students' attitudes towards these culturally loaded literary texts and the extent these texts assist them in English language learning. A quantitative research method using a survey design was employed in the study. Using a random sampling technique, a set of questionnaires was distributed via Google Forms to students and 52 students responded to the questionnaire. The findings revealed that students had positive attitudes towards culturally loaded literary texts especially in a sense of respecting other people with different cultures. They also perceived that the cultural elements in literary texts helped them in improving their English language learning, especially in enriching their vocabulary. It was also discovered that there was a significant relationship between students' attitudes and perceptions on the role of cultural elements in literary text to improve their language learning. However, the students' education levels influenced neither the attitudes nor the perceptions. It is important to note that literary texts have the potential in enhancing students' linguistic competence and cultural competence, therefore, they should be integrated in the curriculum for other programmes and not only for English language programmes.
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