Bisphenol F (BPF) has been used frequently in the plastics industry and the production of daily consumer products as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). It was aimed herein to determine the cytotoxic effects of BPF on hepatocytes isolated from the liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and antioxidant defence system indicators. The cultured hepatocytes were exposed to seven concentrations (0, 15.63, 31.25, 62.50, 125, 250, and 500 µM) of BPF for 24 h. According to the LDH assay, the percentage of cytotoxicity was increased dose dependently in the cells.The malondialdehyde content, which is indicative of lipid peroxidation, was increased signi cantly at BPF concentrations between 15.63 and 250 µM, whereas it remained unchanged with a concentration of 500 µM. The activities of superoxide dismutase were increased, while those of catalase were decreased with all of the BPF concentrations. Elevated levels of reduced glutathione content were determined with BPF concentrations between 15.63 and 250 µM, but decreased signi cantly with a concentration of 500 µM.Signi cant increases in the activities of the glutathione peroxidase were found in hepatocytes treated with BPF at concentrations of 31.25 to 500 µM. GST activity was only signi cantly increased with a BPF concentration of 250 µM. The results showed that the toxic mechanism of BPF was mainly based on cell membrane damage and oxidative stress, which have an in uence on antioxidant defences. Therefore, BPF was reconsidered as a safe alternative instead of BPA in the manufacturing of industrial or daily products.

Background: Bisphenol S (BPS) is a chemical compound that is utilized in the plastic industry as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). The toxic effects of BPS in sh is less known and limited. Therefore, in the present study, it was aimed to investigate the in uence of BPS on rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) hepatocytes in vitro.Methods and Results: For this purpose, the hepatocytes of the sh were isolated, and then the cultured cells were treated with increasing concentrations of BPS (0, 15.63, 31.25, 62.50, 125, 250, and 500 µM) for 24 h. The cytotoxic impact of BPS was determined in the culture media using lactate dehydrogenase assay and then, the antioxidant defence indicators were assayed. The results showed that concentrationdependent increases were observed in the percentage of cytotoxicity. The superoxide dismutase activity was reduced, while the catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity was elevated with all of the BPS concentrations. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was signi cantly increased with a BPS concentration of 31.25 µM or higher, while GST theta 1-1 activity was decreased with the same concentrations of BPS. The reduced glutathione content was decreased signi cantly with a BPS concentration of 31.25 µM or higher, and the malondialdehyde content increased with BPS concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 µM.Conclusions: The ndings determined herein suggested that BPS causes cytotoxicity in sh hepatocytes and could lead to oxidative stress, resulting hepatotoxicity in sh. Thus, the utilization of BPS instead of BPA as safe alternative in industry should be re-evaluated in the future for environmental health.

In the present study, the location, histology and number of corpuscles of Stannius (Sc), which are endocrine glands associated with the kidneys of teleost fish, were investigated for the first time in Lake Van fish (Alburnus tarichi), an anadromous and endemic inhabiting Turkey's Lake Van Basin. The Sc, which were ovoid or spheroid and white or cream in colour, were found to vary in number between three and five among the examined fish. The glands were located in the caudal part of the kidney, and either partially or completely embedded, and found to be present on both the ventral and dorsal surface of either side of the caudal part of the kidney. The Sc were surrounded by a connective tissue capsule that penetrated and divided the gland into incomplete lobules. Two types of cells were determined in the parenchyma of the gland. Type‐I cells were predominant throughout the parenchyma and larger than the second (type‐II). In the type‐I cells, the cytoplasm was observed as weakly or moderately eosinophilic with haematoxylin and eosin staining and weakly or moderately acidophilic with Mallory's triple staining. In the type‐I cells, the cytoplasm exhibited weak to moderate periodic acid‐Schiff staining and slight or uniform staining with aldehyde fuchsin. The type‐II cells were round, had a darkly stained spherical nucleus and were dispersed among the type‐I cells. They displayed no cytoplasmic staining with the abovementioned stains.

Background: Bisphenol S (BPS) is a chemical compound that is utilized in the plastic industry as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). The toxic effects of BPS in fish is less known and limited. Therefore, in the present study, it was aimed to investigate the influence of BPS on rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) hepatocytes in vitro.Methods and Results: For this purpose, the hepatocytes of the fish were isolated, and then the cultured cells were treated with increasing concentrations of BPS (0, 15.63, 31.25, 62.50, 125, 250, and 500 µM) for 24 h. The cytotoxic impact of BPS was determined in the culture media using lactate dehydrogenase assay and then, the antioxidant defence indicators were assayed. The results showed that concentration-dependent increases were observed in the percentage of cytotoxicity. The superoxide dismutase activity was reduced, while the catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity was elevated with all of the BPS concentrations. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly increased with a BPS concentration of 31.25 µM or higher, while GST theta 1-1 activity was decreased with the same concentrations of BPS. The reduced glutathione content was decreased significantly with a BPS concentration of 31.25 µM or higher, and the malondialdehyde content increased with BPS concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 µM.Conclusions: The findings determined herein suggested that BPS causes cytotoxicity in fish hepatocytes and could lead to oxidative stress, resulting hepatotoxicity in fish. Thus, the utilization of BPS instead of BPA as safe alternative in industry should be re-evaluated in the future for environmental health.

A Histological and Histochemical Study on the Gallbladder of the Alburnus tarichi (Güldenstädt, 1814) (Cyprinidae) Estudio Histológico e Histoquímico de la Vesícula Biliar de Alburnus tarichi (Güldenstädt, 1814) (Cyprinidae) Burak Kaptaner 1 ; Handan Aykut 2 & Emine Dogan 2