Background: Data regarding occurrence of drug-drug interactions in Pakistan is rare. In the current study, we have tried to find out the clinical adversity and frequency witnessed in prescriptions of a medical outpatient department.Methods: Patient prescriptions were analyzed for potential drug-drug interactions. A sample of 364 patients, visited outpatient department who were being prescribed at least two drugs simultaneously using a drug interaction program website.Results: The 364 patients (72.8% male, mean age 57.9±15.2 years) were prescribed a median of six drugs (range 2-13) at OPD visit. Three hundred forty nine patients (95.8%) had at least one potentially interacting drug combination. 2636 potential interactions were seen in the visiting patients. Out of these 124 (4.7%) were of major severity, 1730 (65.6%) moderate and 515 (19.5%). Out of 124 patients with a potential DDI with major severity, no patient was re-hospitalized within 2 months after discharge due to a probable drug-related problem associated with the potential DDI.Conclusions: A large percentage of patients were detected having one or more potential drug-drug interactions, using drug interaction detection program. However, the percentage of patients having clinically adverse consequences due to drug-drug interactions appears to be very low.
Background: Drug drug interactions (DDIs), being one of the most preventable drug related hazards having serious life threatening adverse consequences or at least results in therapeutic failure . Aim : T o confirm the drug drug interactions among medical patients at private and public sector hospitals of Jhelum and Kharian . Study d esign: Comparative study. Methodology: The collected data was analyzed for drug interactions. P atients who were being prescribed less than two drugs along with topical drugs (ointments, creams, ear drops and eye drops) were excluded. Information on prescriptions was retrieved from the hospital prescription. SPSS for windows version 20.0 was used to analyze the data. Results were presented as frequency and percen tage. Results: The results showed that the public sector showed 1640 drug interactions, that is 75%; on the other hand, the private sector showed 260 drug interactions, that is 41%. Conclusions: We concluded that frequency of drug interactions were more in public sector hospitals. Hence, a possible reason for such a result could be the greater patient load on public sector hospitals and less number of appointed doctors in such facilities. Keywords: Adverse Drug I nte raction, Drug Related Problems and Drug Drug Interaction.
objeCtives: Drug-drug interaction is a common error in poly-medication and contributes a major part in adverse drug reactions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the percentage of potential drug-drug interactions in the prescription in the region of South Punjab Pakistan prescribed by the medical practitioner Methods: A total of 100 prescriptions were included in this study. Institution based retrospective study was performed in Nishter Hospital Multan, Pakistan, the 3rd oldest medical institution of Pakistan, which has a capacity of 1800 beds and having a best facility to hold a large number of emergencies at a time. Prescriptions were collected to see the Drug -Drug interactions and compared with the standard reference of important DDI's. The potential drug-drug interactions were categorized according to their severity, effect and mechanism. Results: The study showed that among 100 prescriptions (543 medicines), 41% of prescriptions have potential DDI's. Mostly prescribed drugs were the antibiotics (38%), and the drugs belonging to class analgesic were found to contribute mostly in drug-drug interactions (26.50%). The survey showed the total of 71 interactions and their severity level accounting as major (20.10%), moderate (63.4%) and minor (15.90). The mechanism by which the drugs interact with one another showed that there were pharmacokinetic (60.5%), pharmacodynamic (38.6%) and few of them interact by the mechanism which was not specified in the available literature (0.9%). ConClusions: Drug-drug interactions occur in poly-medication and need to be evaluated and monitored for the positive impact on the medication use system and improvement of quality of patient care. A clinical pharmacist with its accurate knowledge of drug, their effect on human organs and their interaction with other can monitor and manage these drug interactions.
Lead is a highly toxic agent and a potent risk factor for various diseases as its quantity in an environment is increasing day by day. Aim: To observe and analyze the lead nitrate induced histomorphological changes in the liver of Sprague Dawley rats. Study Design: Experimental Study. Methodology: Animals of group A (control) were fed on normal diet but the animals of group B were given 50mg/kg of lead nitrate dissolved in 10ml of distilled water through oral gavage for 14 days daily. SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis. All the quantitative data was expressed as means ± SD. One Way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Tukey test was applied. Results: Degenerative effects were noted. The number of Inflammatory and Kupfffer cells is increased with decreased in the body weight. Steatosis and central vein congestion were also present. Conclusion: It was concluded that degenerative effects histologically may be due to oxidative stress produced by formation of free radicals and denaturation of proteins by lead nitrate. Keywords: Lead, Liver, Central Vein Congestion, Oxidative Stress and Free Radicals.
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