Background: Vampire bats are important rabies virus vectors, causing critical problems in both the livestock industry and public health sector in Latin America. In order to assess the epidemiological characteristics of vampire bat-transmitted rabies, the authors conducted phylogenetic and geographical analyses using sequence data of a large number of cattle rabies isolates collected from a wide geographical area in Brazil.
Although many outbreaks of rabies have been reported in northern Brazil, few epidemiological studies of these outbreaks have been undertaken. In this study, molecular epidemiological analyses were performed using 41 rabies virus samples isolated in the Maranhão (MA), Pará (PA), and Tocantins (TO) states of northeastern Brazil. A 599-bp region of the glycoprotein (G) gene was first amplified from each sample by RT-PCR, then sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. A phylogenetic tree divided the 41 isolates into two clades: Clade I was associated with terrestrial carnivores and Clade II was associated with vampire bats. The Clade I isolates were further sub-divided into two groups. The first group was closer to carnivore isolates that predominate in central Brazil, whereas the second group more closely resembled wild fox isolates from the northeastern coastal state of Paraíba (PB). MA isolates of Clade II formed an entirely separate group. These results demonstrate that bat- and dog-transmitted rabies occur in northwestern Brazil.
ABSTRACT. The incidence of canine rabies has been widely reported in Brazil, and new rabies virus (RV) variants, genetically similar to canine RV, have recently been isolated from foxes. In order to derive the epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian Carnivora RV, Brazilian RVs isolated from dogs, cats, and foxes were genetically analyzed. Brazilian Carnivora RV isolates were divided into 2 main lineages. The predominant lineage was found in dogs and cats, which included the Argentinean and Bolivian Carnivora RV isolates, and was extensively distributed throughout Brazil and surrounding countries. The other lineage consisted of three sublineages containing Brazilian dog and fox RV isolates, with the dog sublineages located on an internal branch of 2 fox sublineages, suggesting that RV transmission events might have occurred between foxes and dogs in the past. These results suggest that contact between dogs and wildlife has the potential to generate new rabies variants and that it is important to control RV infection cycles in both dogs and wildlife to prevent spread of rabies infection.
ResumoO presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência e os fatores de risco para a infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) em fêmeas bovinas leiteiras no estado do Maranhão. Amostras de soro de animais não vacinados contra o BoHV-1 e provenientes de 92 propriedades foram submetidas à técnica de ELISA indireto. Em cada propriedade avaliada, aplicou-se ainda um questionário epidemiológico para investigar os fatores de risco que poderiam estar associados à infecção pelo vírus. As amostras foram coletadas de animais que apresentavam sinais clínicos sugestivos para a infecção, como sinais respiratórios e reprodutivos ou de animais sem sinais clínicos da infecção pelo vírus. Das 920 amostras de soro analisadas, 71,30% (n=656) foram reagentes pelo ELISA, sendo que 100% das propriedades apresentou pelo menos um animal positivo. Dentre os fatores de risco avaliados, faixa etária entre 3 e 7 anos apresentou significância estatística (P<0,05) associada à infecção pelo BoHV-1. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a prevalência de anticorpos contra o BoHV-1 foi elevada e, apenas a faixa etária esteve associada ao risco de infecção pelo BoHV-1.
Palavras-chave: BoHV-1, anticorpos, ELISA, vacas leiteiras, odds ratio.
AbstractThis study was performed in order to determine the prevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), and the main factors related of the infection in dairy cows not vaccinated against BoHV-1 from state of Maranhão. Serum samples were submitted to an indirect ELISA test for detection of BoHV-1 antibodies. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied for each herd to investigate variables that could be associated with this infection. The samples were collected from animals with clinical signs suggestive of infection, such as reproductive and respiratory signs or animals without clinical signs of infection. Of the 920 serum samples analyzed, 71.30% (n = 656) were positive by ELISA, and 100% of the properties had at least one positive animal. Among the risk factors evaluated, aged 3-7 years showed statistical significance (P <0.05) associated with BoHV-1. The study results indicate that the prevalence of antibodies against BoHV-1 was high and that only age was associated with risk of BoHV-1.
IVFrequência de anticorpos e fatores de risco para a infecção pelo vírus da diarreia viral bovina em fêmeas bovinas leiteiras não vacinadas na região amazônica maranhense, BrasilFrequency of antibodies and risk factors of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in non-vaccinated dairy cows in the Maranhense Amazon region, Brazilfonte 10
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a ocorrência e os fatores de risco associados à identificação da anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) em equídeos de tração na Cidade de São Luís - MA. Amostras de sangue de 154 equídeos apreendidos em vias públicas, pelo Setor de Apreensão de Animais de Tração da Secretaria Municipal de Urbanismo e Habitação, foram coletadas no período de abril a agosto de 2011. Foram analisadas as fichas de atendimento individual para a determinação dos fatores de risco associados a esta enfermidade. Dos animais analisados, 5,20% (8/154) foram positivos. Dentre os fatores de risco avaliados, presença de insetos, permanência dos equídeos em aglomerações por mais de oito horas diárias, condição corporal, estado nutricional, uso repetido de uma mesma agulha entre diferentes equídeos, ocorrência de episódios febris, mucosas amareladas e ausência de conhecimento sobre AIE apresentaram significância estatística (P<0,05) associada à AIE. Os resultados do estudo indicaram que a ocorrência da AIE para equídeos de tração apreendidos na Cidade de São Luís - MA foi baixa. Mesmo assim há a necessidade da realização de diagnóstico sistemático e monitoramento dos animais, além da implantação de medidas de controle, realização de exames sorológicos e implementação da legislação vigente.
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