Medicinal plants have been the richest drug bio-resource for traditional systems of modern medicines, folk medicines, nutraceuticals, food supplements, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs. Among other spices, clove has been widely used for several centuries as medicinal plant due largely to its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Various reports confirmed the antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral and anticarcinogenic effects of spice plants. Precisely, clove has attracted a huge attention as a result of the potent antimicrobial and antioxidant effectiveness standing out among other spice plants. In this study, we report the phytochemical screening and antibacterial effectiveness of Syzigium aromaticum, commonly known as clove against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The plant material was extracted using Soxhlet extraction method with ethanol and methanol as the extracting solvents while the antibacterial effectiveness was tested using agar well diffusion method. The phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of various phytochemicals which include flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponnins, steroids and tannins. The two extracts were found effective against all the test bacteria with largest and smallest zones of growth inhibition produced against P. aeruginosa and E. coli, respectively at all the concentrations used. In conclusion, different phytochemicals were detected from the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of clove and high effectiveness of the extracts was observed against all the clinical bacterial isolates tested.
Background: Diseases contracted through consuming contaminated water present health challenges globally, hence this study aimed to assess occurrence and antibiogram of bacteria isolated from various brands of sachet drinking water sold in Gombe metropolis. Methods: Twenty brands of samples were collected randomly, serially diluted, and cultured on nutrient agar (NA). Isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically, with antibiogram determined using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: All the 20 samples produced positive bacterial growths with counts ranging from 1.0x10 3 to 9.8x10 3 CFU/ml with identified colonies of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). Antibiogram revealed the isolates were all resistant to augmentin, cefixime, cefuroxime and ceftazidime, but E. coli and S. aureus were also resistant to gentamicin. Conclusion: The samples were contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria that were resistant to some antibiotics. Hence there is need for enforcement of drinking water standards to avoid consequences of unsafe drinking water, thus improving the health of the population.
Aim: Consumable items frequently get contaminated with bacteria harbored by their packaging materials. These bacteria result in food-borne diseases when consumed along with the food by susceptible individuals, leading to illnesses and possibly death of these individuals. Study Design: The study was designed to determine the presence of bacterial contaminants in new unused disposable food packs used in commercial area of Gombe State University. Place and duration of study: This study was carried out in the department of microbiology, Gombe state university between March, 2018 and June, 2018. Methodology: 30 disposable food packs were collected using simple random sampling method. Sterile swab sticks were used to swab the interior portion of the packs inside a disinfected glass cupboard, the swabs were serially diluted to tenth fold. Spread plate method was used to inoculate the samples on a nutrient agar plates and incubated at 36oC for 24hours. Viable count method was used to enumerate the number of colonies formed, and the bacteria were identified based on their macroscopic characteristics, Gram’s reaction, microscopy, and standard biochemical tests. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the sensitivity of these isolates to some antibiotics. Results: Out of the 30 samples, 23 samples were positive for bacterial growths with discrete CFU/ml ranging from 3.0×105 to 5.9×105, these bacteria were identified to be Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. The sensitivity test results revealed that all the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, augmentin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin, with the exception of S. aureus which was found to be resistant to ampicillin. Conclusion: These disposable food packs have been shown to contain notable amounts of these bacteria, and so proper sanitation, such as rinsing in boiled water should be ensured before using the food packs.
Background: Disposable cups are usually used for drinking without any form of precleaning, this has the potential to expose individuals to pathogenic microorganisms, and unfortunately this issue has not been investigated in Gombe metropolis, hence, this study aimed to investigate the bacteriological aspect of the problem and to reduce the existing knowledge gap regarding this problem. Methods: Thirty samples were collected using simple random sampling from two different markets, then swab sticks pre-moistened with peptone water were used to swab the inner portions of the cups, put in sterile distilled water, serially diluted, inoculated on nutrient agar, and incubated. Identification of the isolates were done using their physical and biochemical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility tests were done using disc diffusion method and interpreted using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: The total mesophilic bacterial counts ranged from 3.0×10 5 to 9.9×10 5 CFU/ml. These isolates were identified and tested for their sensitivity to some antibiotics which revealed that Escherichia coli (E.coli ) were sensitive to augmentin, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin, but intermediately resistant to chloramphenicol, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and augmentin, intermediately resistant to chloramphenicol, and resistant to ampicillin. Bacillus spp were sensitive to augmentin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa) were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, augmentin, and chloramphenicol, but intermediately resistant to ampicillin. Conclusion: These new disposable ready-to-use cups harbored some potentially pathogenic bacteria which were resistant to some antibiotics. It is therefore recommended that pre-use hygiene practices should be done on these cups prior to use to avert the health effects of consuming these bacteria.
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