Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Bacteriostatic Effects of Syzigium aromaticum (Clove) Extracts on Clinical Bacterial Isolates

Abstract

Medicinal plants have been the richest drug bio-resource for traditional systems of modern medicines, folk medicines, nutraceuticals, food supplements, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs. Among other spices, clove has been widely used for several centuries as medicinal plant due largely to its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Various reports confirmed the antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral and anticarcinogenic effects of spice plants. Precisely, clove has attracted a huge attention as a result of the potent antimicrobial and antioxidant effectiveness standing out among other spice plants. In this study, we report the phytochemical screening and antibacterial effectiveness of Syzigium aromaticum, commonly known as clove against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The plant material was extracted using Soxhlet extraction method with ethanol and methanol as the extracting solvents while the antibacterial effectiveness was tested using agar well diffusion method. The phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of various phytochemicals which include flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponnins, steroids and tannins. The two extracts were found effective against all the test bacteria with largest and smallest zones of growth inhibition produced against P. aeruginosa and E. coli, respectively at all the concentrations used. In conclusion, different phytochemicals were detected from the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of clove and high effectiveness of the extracts was observed against all the clinical bacterial isolates tested.

Antibacterial Activity of Lawsonia inermis Leaf Extracts against Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Infected Wounds

“…The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration of Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized in Table 4. The methanolic extract was more active with lower MIC and MBC when compared to the other extracts [32]. However, the antibiotic used as a control (Imipenem) was more active against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa when compared with all the extracts tested.…”

Antimicrobial Potential of Syzygium aromaticium (CLOVE) Extracts on Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Uropathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Bauchi, Nigeria

“…The MIC is the lowest concentration of the extracts that inhibited or prevented the growth of test microorganisms. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined using 2-fold test tube dilution method of [45,9]. Dilution of the clove extracts was incorporated in nutrient broth in 1:1 ratio initial rough estimates of the MIC values of the clove extracts against the MAR isolates were estimated to determine the range of MIC values.…”

“…Garba et al [9] evaluated seven (7) organic solvents on clove and found that the most effective solvent was diethyl ether. In most cases the organic extracts showed the same or greater activity than the aqueous extracts this may be due to the fact that the most of the bioactive compounds from plant origin are generally soluble in polar solvents.…”

“…These plants of medical importance have been proven to be very effective even where treatments with antibiotics failed [8]. "Herbal medicine has been widely used all over the world and formed an integral part of primary health care in many individuals" [9,10]. According to the World Health Organization, 80% of the world's population still relies mainly on plant drugs, the WHO launched a policy on nations to promote and integrate traditional medicine into their national healthcare system [11].…”

Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract from Clove and the Test of Preservative Power of Ras Cheese

“…The findings of the current study concur with those of Saeed et al (2013), they found that clove methanolic extract has good antibacterial action against E. coli utilising aqueous and methanol extracts. The strong antibacterial activity of clove extracts in ethanol and methanol against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli has been documented (Garba et al, 2019).…”