Abstract. NOx and PM are the major product results from the combustion of diesel either in internal combustion engine or external burner system. Thus, the emulsification concept from diesel and water were studied with focusing in controlling of combustion process in order to minimize the harmful emission. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of diesel-water emulsification on mixture formation, burning process and flame development in burner system. The studed parameters include equivalent ratio, water content in diesel-water emulsification and spray characteristics such as spray penetration length, spray angle and spray area. The spray image of different diesel-water ratio and equivalence ratio can be investigated by direct photography method with a digital camera. The real spray images with the time changes was analyzed and compared with based diesel fuel. The results show that the higher of water contents due to higher viscosity influences the higher penetration length and lower spray angle thus predominantly the lower combustible mixture and lower the flame penetration. IntroductionThe growth of the economy and world population have driven the use of energy and natural resources. Diesel as one of the natural resources is being consumed heavily in the world demand. It can be used in many applications such as fuel in automotive and burner system. However, SootNOx trade off plays as a key element in controlling the combustion process in external burner system that can cause serious problems on the environment and human health[l-41. Therefore, the improvement of diesel combustion with controlling of combustion process is urgently required. For that reason, the study in fuel-air mixing and spray characteristics are necessary before the combustion process takes place. The simplest method to control the emission is by adding water in diesel, which is also known as diesel-water emulsion process. Diesel-water emulsion is the simpler and cheapest way to reduce the emission of combustion [3]. Several attractive benefits are associated with the adoption of the diesel-water emulsified. The heat absorption by water vaporization causes a decrease of local adiabatic flame temperature. During this phenomenon, water can weakens the peak temperature of luminous flames during diffusion process thus decrease the NO, emissions [5].In addition, the fuel is vaporized to a small particular after the explosion of water droplets, this is named as micro-explosion phenomenon [3-41. Micro-explosion is occurs during the mixing of water and fuel, it's made up of two or more liquids with relatively large differences between their boiling temperatures. Heat absorption by water vaporization causes a decrease of local adabatic flame temperature and reduction of peak flame temperature that associated with lower the PM emissions and produces less toxic emission. Nevertheless, another effect of water emulsification is it tends to increase the surface tension and viscosity of the fuel, which makes the fuel hard to break u...
Energy is an important source of power for human daily activity. Energy efficiency is measured by the productivity of the system which goes through under certain condition as to achieve results at optimum level. The basic purpose of this study is to reduce and save energy consumption in order to determine the energy efficiency of public university library. Thereby saving measures can be identified from the building services installed in the library. From the findings, there are two major system correlates which is mechanical and electrical system. Based on these systems, it could resolve intricacy issues regards to building efficiency by conducting an Energy Saving Measures (ESM) in context of Malaysia’s tropical setting. Lack of supervision and excessive wastage of energy will render inefficient in both systems which would decrease the optimum level of performance and reliability issues. The study emphasizes that energy conservation should be prioritized in order to avoid unregulated energy consumption. Hence, it could focus on the main streamline where energy efficiency is a possible and potential sustainable building in the present and future for better surroundings and standard quality of life.
This study describes a 3-D computation for film cooling effectiveness investigation using Fluent commercial code, version 6.2. Two configurations are examined: (1) Flat plate, and (2) Semi-cylindrical leading edge with a flat after-body. Three different RANS turbulence models and DES based on Spalart-Allmaras model are utilized to see the difference in accuracy between DES and RANS approaches. Similar to the previous RANS simulation, lateral spreading of film cooling is under-estimated in the RANS simulation, while in the DES, lateral spreading of film cooling is enhanced and shows adequate agreement with the previous experiments. The effects of velocity magnitude and orientation of plenum flow on film cooling effectiveness are also studied in the flat plate configuration. The plenum flow is eventually found to have a strong impact on the flow structure in the cooling pipe, and the distorted velocity profile in the pipe consequently lowers film cooling effectiveness, in particularly at high blowing ratio.
This paper reviews the effects of premix fluids between biodiesel, air, and water for external combustion especially open burner. During burning process, biodiesel combustion involves the fuel-air mixing characteristic such as oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants and viscosity that influences more NOx emissions than diesel fuel. The strategies to reduce NOx emission are acquired with water additional in biodiesel fuel mixing during early stage of burning process. The method to mix biodiesel-water with injector was acquired in burner system. A vast majority of author reported that the variation in mixing of blending biodiesel ratio and water was found to enhance the burning process and mixture formation thus predominantly reducing the NOx emissions.
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