The reduction of world oil reserves fossil fuels and increasing environmental concerns significantly influences the popularity of biodiesel as an alternative diesel. This research investigates the effects of storage duration of variant blending waste cooking oil ratio under different storage temperature on fuel properties. The biodiesel samples were stored at different temperatures and were monitored at regular interval over a period of 70 days. Blending of biodiesel was varied from 5vol % (WCO5) ~15vol% (WCO15) and storage temperature from 24°C~35°C. These samples were monitored on a weekly and the effects of storage conditions on properties of biodiesel such as density, kinematics viscosity, acid value, water content and flash point of biodiesel were discussed in detail. The observation of biodiesel shows that the increasing of storage duration of biodiesel derived from waste cocking oil influences to the increasing of density, kinematics viscosity, acid value and water content.

Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain condition persisting past the presence of any noxious stimulus or inflammation. Zerumbone, of the Zingiber zerumbet ginger plant, has exhibited anti-allodynic and antihyperalgesic effects in a neuropathic pain animal model, amongst other pharmacological properties. This study was conducted to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying zerumbone’s antineuropathic actions. Research on therapeutic agents involving cannabinoid (CB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) is rising. These receptor systems have shown importance in causing a synergistic effect in suppressing nociceptive processing. Behavioural responses were assessed using the von Frey filament test (mechanical allodynia) and Hargreaves plantar test (thermal hyperalgesia), in chronic constriction injury (CCI) neuropathic pain mice. Antagonists SR141716 (CB1 receptor), SR144528 (CB2 receptor), GW6471 (PPARα receptor) and GW9662 (PPARγ receptor) were pre-administered before the zerumbone treatment. Our findings indicated the involvement of CB1, PPARα and PPARγ in zerumbone’s action against mechanical allodynia, whereas only CB1 and PPARα were involved against thermal hyperalgesia. Molecular docking studies also suggest that zerumbone has a comparable and favourable binding affinity against the respective agonist on the CB and PPAR receptors studied. This finding will contribute to advance our knowledge on zerumbone and its significance in treating neuropathic pain.

Abstract. Biofuels based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. This provides a critical review of current understanding of main factor in storage method which affecting the biodiesel properties and characteristics. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored i n a clean, dry and dark environment. Water and sediment contamination are basically housekeeping issues for biodiesel. Degradation by oxidation yields products that may compromise fuel properties, impair fuel quality and engine performance. The effect of storage method on the fuel properties and burning process in biodiesel fuel combustion will strongly affects the exhaust emissions. IntroductionBurning fossil fuels such as coal, diesel and gas produces greenhouse gases give impacts on the environment. A range of greenhouse gases were produced when fossil fuels are burned, these gases include carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane and nitrous oxides. These gases trap the sun's heat in the atmosphere, it concentrate and increase the heat of the sun where it works quite similar to the lens in a magnifying glass. This is called the greenhouse effect.Studies have found that first-generation biofuels produced from current feedstock's using the most efficient systems and carbon releases results in emission reductions in the range of 20-60 per cent relative to fossil fuels. Generally, biofuels offer many priorities, including sustainability, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, regional development, social structure and agriculture and securi-

-Abrasive blasting is a process that is widely used to clean and remove the coating on a surface by using a variety of media. In Malaysia, blasting process subjected under the Occupational Safety and Health (

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from varies sources of vegetable oils, animal fat, or waste frying oil to give the corresponding fatty acid methyl ester. The properties of alternative fuel of CPO biodiesel and SVO biodiesel have been investigated at different temperature. The biodiesel was blended up palm oil blending ratio from 515vol% (B5B15) and straight vegetable oil ratio from 515vol% (S5S15). The properties were tested at 27.5°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C with observed the changes of the density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, water contents, and acid value. In this study, properties of CPO biodiesel were found to have a higher value and diesel fuel under all ambient temperature. Under all ambient temperature, preheating CPO fuel increased value of density, kinematic viscosity, water contents, and acid value than SVO biodiesel.