Diagnostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

No abstract

Low serum ferritin concentration and low iron status may be risk factors for the development of febrile seizures.

No abstract

Background:Intra-articular analgesia is a pain reliever that is frequently administered following arthroscopic knee surgery.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of intra-articular application of morphine and tramadol on postoperative pain after arthroscopic knee surgery.Patients and Methods:For this randomized double blinded clinical trial, 132 patients undergoing minor arthroscopic knee surgery were randomly assigned to receive either; 5 mg morphine or 50 mg tramadol intra-articularly. Pain was evaluated by means of the verbal pain rating score (VRS) preoperatively (at rest and on movement of the knee joint) and postoperatively at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Meanwhile, the time of the first analgesic request and need for supplemental analgesic were also recorded.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in VRS scoring between the two groups during the preoperative period either at rest or on knee movement. Meanwhile, VRS scores did not differ significantly between the morphine and tramadol treated groups postoperatively, except for in the one-hour post-operative scores in which the tramadol-treated group experienced less pain (P < 0.007). Post-operative VRS scores at 6, 12, and 24 hours were significantly decreased when compared with previous scores in both morphine and tramadol prescribed subjects (P < 0.001), hence, both local analgesics can significantly reduce pain after minor knee surgery.Conclusions:We have found a postoperative analgesic effect of intra-articularly administered morphine and tramadol following minor arthroscopic knee surgeries with a maximum effect 6 hours post injection.

No abstract

No abstract

Congenital dislocation of the knee ranges from hyperextension of the knee to translation of the femur on the tibia. Treatment options include bracing, splinting, manipulation and casting, and surgery. A 16-year-old girl presented with an inability to walk, stand upright, or bend her knees. She exhibited deformity of both lower extremities. She had deformed knees from birth, and they had been put in a cast for 2 months. No other therapeutic measures were taken. The patient walked on her abnormally hyperextended knees and could hyperextend the knees to 150 degrees recurvatum. She was diagnosed with a grade III congenital dislocation of the knee, and a flexion-shortening osteotomy at the distal femur above the trochlear level was performed on her knees in 2 sessions. Postoperatively, range of motion changed from hyperextention to 80 degrees flexion. A femoral supracondylar osteotomy was also performed 2 years later, and as a result, a 15 degrees flexion and 15 degrees valgus were added to the limb. The patient is now able to stand and walk without a knee brace and has 90 degrees passive and 80 degrees active knee flexion on both sides. Congenital dislocation of the knee is a rare congenital disorder. The results of treatment are favorable if started before age 3 months, or sometimes before age 2 years, but there is no effective treatment for older, neglected cases; therefore, we believe this case report demonstrates a novel surgical approach.