BackgroundSuicidal attempt and non-suicidal self-injury are very common in adolescents with a history of childhood maltreatment. By identifying correlates of these kinds of high-risk behaviors, it is possible to prevent and decrease completed suicide.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were: 1) to compare adolescents with a history of childhood maltreatment with non-suicidal self injury (NSSI) or past suicidal attempt in terms of suicide probability, and 2) to investigate the association between NSSI, forms of self-criticism, emotion regulation difficulties, and suicide probability.Patients and MethodsParticipants were 169 adolescents living in Iranian social welfare centers who had a history of childhood maltreatment. The Suicide Probability Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Forms of Self-criticism, and the Non-Suicidal Self injury (NSSI) checklist were used for assessment.ResultsAdolescents with NSSI and suicidal attempts had higher rates of suicide ideation than adolescents with NSSI-only (P < 0.05). Feelings of inadequacy, self-hatred, difficulty with impulse control, and frequency of NSSI can predict 50% variance of suicide probability (P < 0.001).ConclusionsAdolescents with histories of suicidal attempts and NSSI, compared with adolescents with NSSI-only, were more prone to suicide. Self-criticism, poor impulse control, and the frequency of NSSI were the main risk factors associated with suicide probability in adolescents with a history of childhood maltreatment.
Objective: How people use social rank (dominance vs prestige) could explain different attitudes toward five moral foundations. This study aimed to investigate the differential relationships between prestige, dominance, and moral foundations. Methods: This study was conducted on 150 participants who responded to the moral foundation questionnaire and dominance-prestige scale. Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that prestige was positively associated with four kinds of moral foundations (harm/care, reciprocity/fairness, loyalty/subversion, and purity/sanctity), whereas dominance was negatively associated with harm/care, reciprocity/fairness, and progressivism. Prestige had a stronger association with moral foundations than dominance. Conclusion: It seems that dominance as a social status seeking-strategy is against any moral foundation, but prestige could increase attention to moral foundations in decision making toward every life issue.
The COVID-19 outbreak is a new potentially traumatic event that may have some unknown effects on mental health. The aim of this study was to examine how two theoretical frameworks related to coping with trauma, including shattered assumptions and coping with trauma, could explain mental health and acute stress symptoms among the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak. The participants included 212 Iranian Muslims who filled out the online survey. Women and people with non-fixed jobs reported more mental health deterioration and acute stress symptoms. There were no significant differences between people with or without COVID-19 in terms of mental health symptoms, experiencing acute stress symptoms, and world assumptions. Results showed that world assumption and forward-focused coping could predict mental health symptoms and acute stress symptoms beyond COVID-19 specific stress. Assumptions related to the meaningfulness of the world and trauma-focused coping were associated with a higher score in general mental health symptoms and acute stress, but assumptions related to the benevolence of the world, self-worth, and forward-focused coping were associated with lower mental health and acute stress symptoms. This could suggest that world assumptions could buffer or endanger mental health during crises such as the pandemic. In addition, it seems that forward-focus coping is effective for managing new life challenges during the COVID-19 outbreak. In contrast, the more people address the negative and catastrophic effects of COVID-19 (such as trauma-focused coping), the more they are prone to developing mental health symptoms. This study showed that among Iranian Muslims, some world assumptions (for example, the meaningfulness of world) and some kinds of coping (for example, trauma-focused coping) were not as protective factor as in non-Muslim countries.
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