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The purpose of this study was to examine the change in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in healthy subjects and to evaluate the concentrations of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde, an end product of lipid peroxidation in exercise and smoking. Study included 257 appearently healthy individuals, 133 males and 124 females. In all subjects, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were analyzed as an indicator of the lipid peroxidation activities. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities were measured as an indicator of antioxidant activities. Oxidative stress was estimated by the method based on thiobarbituric acid reactivity. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were estimated on hemolysates by use of commercial available kits (Randox lab., Dublin, Ireland). For all groups serum lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte SOD and GSH-Px were obtained at the initial and the following periods. Serum MDA level was higher in the elderly than in the children and in the adults. MDA levels were higher in the smoking, acute exercise than their counterparts in the control groups. GSH-Px activity was significantly lower in the acute exercise group, and higher in the trained group than those as controls. SOD decreased in the elderly, smoking and acute exercise groups and increased in trained individuals. There was a significant increase in lipid peroxidation activity and a significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity in cases of acute exercise and smoking as well as the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) results from food insufficiency as well as from poor social and economic conditions. Development of PEM is due to insufficient nutrition. Children with PEM lose their resistance to infections because of a disordered immune system. It has been reported that the changes occurring in mediators referred to as cytokines in the immune system may be indicators of the disorders associated with PEM. AIMS: To determine the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in children with PEM, and to find out whether there was an association with the clinical presentation of PEM. METHODS: The levels of serum total protein, albumin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 were measured in 25 patients with PEM and in 18 healthy children as a control group. PEM was divided into two groups as kwashiorkor and marasmus. The kwashiorkor group consisted of 15 children and the marasmus group consisted of 10 children. RESULTS: Levels of serum total protein and albumin of the kwashiorkor group were significantly lower than both the marasmus group and controls (p < 0.05). In view of tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, there was no difference between groups (p > 0.05). While levels of interleukin-6 in both the marasmus group and the kwashiorkor group were significantly higher compared with controls (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference between the groups of marasmus and kwashiorkor (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that the inflammatory response had increased in children with malnutrition.

By the time patients require dialysis replacement therapy, nearly all chronic kidney diseases (CKD) patients are affected with uremic bone diseases. High-turnover osteodystrophy can be prevented; patients with CKD should be monitored for imbalances in calcidiol (25 OH vitamin D), calcium, and phosphate homeostasis. We aimed to determine the effect of a monthly oral 300,000 IU vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on the uremic bone diseases (UBD) markers such as iPTH and alkaline phosphatase in CKD patients. Among a total of 70 patients under treatment in the nephrology unit, 40 predialysis CKD patients (mean age of 49 ± 14, male/female 20/20) were included the study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Treatment group included 20 patients (mean age of 51 ± 14, male/female 9/11), and the control group comprised 20 patients (mean age of 47 ± 14, male/female 9/11). Treatment group patients were given a single dose of Devit3 ampoule (300,000 U cholecalciferol) per month orally way. Patients in the control group did not take any vitamin D for a month. The level of calcidiol was lower than normal range in two groups. After a month, treatment group patient's calcidiol increased statistically significant (6.8 ± 3.5 to 17.8 ± 21.4 ng/mL, p < 0.001). After a month, iPTH level decreased in the treatment group statistically significantly (368 ± 274 to 279 ± 179 pg/ml, p < 0.001). At the 30 th day of the treatment, in 9/20 of the treatment group patients (45%), the iPTH value decreased at least 30% (p < 0.001). We suggest that oral depot cholecalciferol treatment causes a statistically significant decrease of serum iPTH level but does not cause a statistically significant change in Ca, P, ratio of Ca×P, or urinary calcium creatinine rate in UBD predialysis CKD. This treatment can be used safely for the predialysis CKD patients, along with the cautious control of serum calcium and phosphor.

In this study, we studied serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, thyroid hormones (total thyroxine, free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone), parathyroid hormone, and osteocalcine levels in children with epilepsy who had been receiving long-term valproate (VPA) therapy in order to determine whether there was any effect of VPA therapy on these hormones. The study included 31 patients with epilepsy receiving VPA and 22 healthy age-matched controls. The age ranged from 15 months to 16 years and 18 months to 17 years in the study and control group, respectively. The duration of VPA use was between 12 months and 5 years (1.93 +/- 1.90 years). When comparing the results, we did not find any significant difference in any of the parameters, including serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcine, and thyroid and parathyroid hormone levels, between the study and control group. We suggest that VPA can safely be used with regard to thyroid and parathyroid dysfunction in childhood epilepsy.

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Objective: We have investigated the effects of active and passive smoking on renal functions in terms of glomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria, and β-2 microglobulin excretion. Design and method: The volunteers included in this study were classified into three groups as active smokers (n = 24), passive smokers (n = 20), and controls (n = 20). Blood and urine samples were collected from all groups. Serum glucose, urea, creatinine, and cotinine levels in the collected blood samples were measured. Also, microalbumin, β-2 microglobulin, and creatinine levels were measured in the collected urine samples. Results: Serum cotinine levels were found to be higher in both passive and active smokers when compared with controls (p < 0.01), whereas urinary microalbumin and creatinine levels were significantly higher in active smokers (p < 0.01). The urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio was significantly increased in both active and passive smokers compared with controls. Conclusion: The kidney and the glomerular functions may be affected even by passive smoking. In addition, increased microalbumin/creatinine ratio may be a sign of increased atherosclerosis risk in these persons.