This study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic properties of Pediococcus pentosaceus OZF isolated from human breast milk. The results obtained so far suggest that the strain is resistant to low pH, bile salt, pepsin and pancreatin, so it could survive while passing through the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract and reveal its potential probiotic action on host organism. The strain was non-pathogenic (γ-hemolytic), produced anti-Listerial bacteriocin, exhibited a strong autoaggregating phenotype (85.71%) and demonstrated 6.26 and 12.99% coaggregation with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium SL 1344 and Escherichia coli LMG 3083 (ETEC), respectively. The degree of adhesion of Ped. pentosaceus OZF to the human Caco-2 cell line was investigated and when compared to the adhesion of pathogenic strains tested, it was shown to inhibit the growth of human enterotoxigenic E. coli LMG 3083 (ETEC) and of Salm. Typhimurium SL 1344. Ped. pentosaceus OZF seems to adhere to human intestinal cells via mechanisms that involve different combinations of carbohydrate and lipid factors on the bacteria and eukaryotic cell surface. The percentage of adhesion to n-hexadecane was 34% showing that the surface was rather hydrophilic. Higher affinity displayed by Ped. pentosaceus OZF for chloroform demonstrates the basic property of a cell, which may be due to the presence of carboxylic groups on the cell surface.

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Testicular torsion is an important clinical urgency. Similar mechanisms occurred after detorsion of the affected testis as in the ischemia reperfusion (I/R) damage. This study was designed to investigate the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) treatment after unilateral testicular torsion. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 underwent a sham operation of the right testis under general anesthesia. Group 2 was same as sham, and EPO (3,000 IU/kg) infused i.p., group 3 underwent a similar operation but the right testis was rotated 720 degrees clockwise for 1 h, maintained by fixing the testis to the scrotum, and saline infused during the procedure. Group 4 underwent similar torsion but EPO was infused half an hour before the detorsion procedure, and in group 5, EPO was infused after detorsion procedure. Four hours after detorsion, ipsilateral and contralateral testes were taken out for evaluation. Treatment with EPO improved testicular structures in the ipsilateral testis but improvement was less in the contralateral testis histologically, but EPO treatment decreased germ cell apoptosis in both testes following testicular IR. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and nitrite levels decreased after EPO treatment especially in the ipsilateral testis. We conclude that testicular I/R causes an increase in germ cell apoptosis both in the ipsilateral and contralateral testes. Erythropoietin has antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects following testicular torsion.

Treatment with EPO significantly inhibits the LPS-induced secretion of midkine and TNF-alpha regardless of the dosage. The data presented here provide the first evidence to indicate that EPO treatment directly reverses some of the cytotoxic and secretory effects of LPS in mononuclear cells. Inhibition of midkine secretion might be responsible for the anti-inflammatory role of EPO.