SUMMARYThis paper presents the results of model calibration conducted on a historical mosque called Hafsa Sultan in Manisa, Turkey. The finite element model of the mosque was calibrated by the use of the results obtained from ambient vibration tests of the structure. In order to develop a solid model of the structure, the dimensions of the structure, defects such as cracks and material degradations in the structure, and the materials used in different parts were identified. For the evaluation of the material properties of the structure, nondestructive and destructive testing methods were used. The numerical and experimental modal parameters of the structure were obtained by finite element method (FEM) and Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), respectively. The natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes were obtained from both FEM and OMA and compared with each other. While a good compatibility was achieved between mode shapes, some differences between natural frequencies occurred. It was thought that the differences resulted from variations in the Young's modulus of masonry, cracks in elements or boundary conditions. Therefore, the finite element model was calibrated by changing material parameters. Finally, a more realistic numerical model of the mosque was put forward and the results were discussed in detail.

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Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) method is frequently used in order to determine dynamical properties of historical masonry structures. In this study, damage pattern of historical Alaca minaret which is selected as application is investigated under different ground motions by updating finite element models (FEM) depending on operational modal analysis test. Initial Finite element model was prepared in ABAQUS V10 program and numerical dynamic characteristics of minaret were determined. In addition, experimental dynamic properties of minaret were provided by operational modal analysis. Initial numerical model of brick masonry structure was calibrated via OMA method. Then, linear and non-linear seismic analyses of calibrated FEM of historical minaret were performed by using different earthquakes acceleration records that occurred in Turkey. Concrete Damage Plasticity model was taken into account in non-linear seismic analyses. As a result of the analyses, it is concluded that the stresses obtained with linear analyses aren’t as realistic as the non-linear analyses results and the earthquakes can cause some damages in the minaret.

Historical structures are the values that are of great importance to that country, showing the roots of a country, and must be passed on from generation to generation. is study attempts to make a contribution to this goal. Seismic damage pattern estimation in a historical brick masonry minaret under different ground motion levels is investigated by using updated finite element models based on ambient vibration data in this study. Imaret Mosque which was built in 1481 AD is selected for an application. Surveying measurement and material tests were conducted to obtain a 3D solid model and mechanical properties of the components of the minaret. Firstly, the initial 3D finite element model of the minaret was analyzed and numerical dynamic characteristics of the minaret were obtained. en, ambient vibration tests as well as operational modal analysis were implemented in order to obtain the experimental dynamic characteristics of the minaret. e initial finite element model of the minaret was updated by using the experimental dynamic results. Lastly, linear and nonlinear time-history analyses of the updated finite element model of the minaret were carried out using the acceleration records of two different level earthquakes that occurred in Turkey, in Afyon-Dinar (1995) and Çay-Sultandagı (2002). A concrete damage plasticity model is considered in the nonlinear analyses. e conducted analyses indicate that the compressive and tension stress results of the linear analyses are not as realistic as the nonlinear analysis results. According to the nonlinear analysis, the Çay-Sultandagı earthquake would inflict limited damage on the minaret, whereas the Dinar earthquake would damage some parts of the elements in the transition segment of the minaret.

Abstract.A recent earthquake of M=4.9 occurred on 29 October 2007 in Ç ameli, Denizli, which is located in a seismically active region at southwest Anatolia, Turkey. It has caused extensive damages at unreinforced masonry buildings like many other cases observed in Turkey during other previous earthquakes. Most of the damaged structures were non-engineered, seismically deficient, unreinforced masonry buildings. This paper presents a site survey of these damaged buildings. In addition to typical masonry damages, some infrequent, event-specific damages were also observed. Reasons for the relatively wide spread damages considering the magnitude of the event are discussed in the paper.

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Bu çalışmada betonarme çerçeveye harçsız tuğlalı duvar etkisi nümerik analiz yoluyla araştırıldı. Harçsız tuğlalı duvarlar, geleneksel duvarlar kadar çerçeveyi rijitleştirmeden adeta bir sürtünmeli sönümleyici gibi görev yaparak, çerçevenin enerji tüketme kapasitesini arttırmaktadır ve bu konuda mevcut çalışmalar vardır. Bu çalışmada ayrıca duvarın çerçeveye bağlantısının rijit veya esnek olmasının çerçeve davranışına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Rijit birleşim için harç, esnek birleşim için ise poliüretan tabanlı yapıştırıcı kullanılmıştır. ABAQUS programı ile çerçevelere yapılan 20mm (%2.5 yanal öteleme oranı) itme analizlerinde esnek birleşim kullanılmasının kilitli duvarlı çerçevenin taşıdığı yükü arttırdığı, duvar ile çerçeve arasındaki bölgede gerilme yığılmalarını azaltarak duvarın daha az hasar almasını sağladığı görülmüştür. Duvarsız çerçeveye nazaran, harçsız tuğlalı çerçevenin enerji tüketim kapasitesi daha fazla olmuştur. In this study the effect of a wall with dry stack masonry to a RC frame was investigated through numerical analysis. Dry stacked walls increases the energy dissipation of frames by acting as frictional energy dissipation devices, without increasing the stiffness of frame like a traditional wall and many studies exist about this. In this study, also, the effect of the joint between wall and frame was investigated by using flexible and stiff joint. For stiff joint mortar was used, and for flexible joint, a polyurethane based adhesive was used. In the ABAQUS analysis in which the RC frames were pushed 20mm (%2.5 drift ratio), it was concluded that using flexible joint increases the load carried by frame, and decreased the damage in the wall by decreasing the stress concentrations in the region between wall and frame. When compared with the RC frame without walls, the energy dissipation of dry stacked masonry infilled frame is higher.