Thin films of phthalocyanine compounds show weak epitaxial growth on a monodomain film of a rod‐like molecule (see figure). The resulting organic electronic devices exhibit high charge carrier mobilities close to those of the single‐crystal devices.

BackgroundDating back to the first epidemic among injection drug users in 1989, the Yunnan province has had the highest number of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections in China. However, the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Yunnan has not been fully characterized.Methods and FindingsUsing immunoassays, we identified 103,015 accumulated cases of HIV-1 infections in Yunnan between 1989 and 2004. We studied 321 patients representing Yunnan's 16 prefectures from four risk groups, 11 ethnic populations, and ten occupations. We identified three major circulating subtypes: C/CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC (53%), CRF01_AE (40.5%), and B (6.5%) by analyzing the sequence of p17, which is part of the gag gene. For patients with known risk factors, 90.9% of injection drug users had C/CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC viruses, whereas 85.4% of CRF01_AE infections were acquired through sexual transmission. No distinct segregation of CRF01_AE viruses was found among the Dai ethnic group. Geographically, C/CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC was found throughout the province, while CRF01_AE was largely confined to the prefectures bordering Myanmar. Furthermore, C/CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC viruses were found to consist of a group of viruses, including C, CRF08_BC, CRF07_BC, and new BC recombinants, based on the characterization of their reverse transcriptase genes.ConclusionsThis is the first report of a province-wide HIV-1 molecular epidemiological study in Yunnan. While C/CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC and CRF01_AE are codominant, the discovery of many sexually transmitted CRF01_AE cases is new and suggests that this subtype may lead to a new epidemic in the general Chinese population. We discuss implications of our results for understanding the evolution of the HIV-1 pandemic and for vaccine development.

C onsiderable eff ort has been devoted to the development of low-cost, fl exible, large-area organic electronics for consumer products over the past two decades [1][2][3]. Organic fi eld-eff ect transistors (OFETs), important organic electronic devices, are of considerable interesting due to their wide range of potential applications, including use as display drivers and in identifi cation tags and sensors. Many methods have been developed to improve OFET performance by increasing mobility and the on/off ratio, and by reducing the threshold voltage. Th ese improvements have been achieved through the synthesis of new organic semiconductor materials, improving the device structure, controlling the deposition of crystalline organic fi lms and adopting various organic heterostructures. Recently, OFETs exhibiting mobility of the same order of magnitude as that of amorphous silicon FETs have been successfully demonstrated.Organic heterostructures have been used in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells to improve device performance. In a typical double-layer OLED structure [4], the organic heterojunction reduces the onset voltage and improves the illumination effi ciency. Organic heterojunctions have also been used to improve the power conversion effi ciency of OPV cells by an order of magnitude over single-layer cells [5]. Ambipolar OFETs, which require that both electrons and holes be accumulated and transported in the device channel depending on the applied voltage, were fi rst realized by introducing organic heterostructures as active layers [6]. It is therefore clear that organic heterostructures have an important role in the continued development of organic electronic devices. Th e introduction of organic heterostructures has signifi cantly improved device performance and allowed new functions in many applications, and so understanding the eff ects of the organic heterostructure is desirable and necessary.Th ere has been considerable focus on understanding the interfacial electronic structures of organic heterostructure consisting of amorphous or semi-crystalline organic semiconductors [7][8][9]. Various models have been proposed to predict the alignment of the vacuum level and the interface dipole in certain organic heterojunctions [8,9], and a dependence of the interface dipole on the molecular orientation has been reported [10]. In crystalline organic semiconductors, the phenomenon of band bending [11,12] has been observed at organic/inorganic and organic/organic interfaces, and band transport, in which orbital-derived electronic bands are produced due to the overlap of the π-orbitals of adjacent molecules, has also been argued [13].Th e recent discovery of high conductivity in heterojunction transistors constructed using thin crystalline fi lms of p-type copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and n-type copper-hexadecafl uoro-phthalocyanine (F 16 CuPc) as active layers has stimulated interest in organic heterojunctions [14][15][16]. Electron-and hole-accumulation layers have been ob...

A reverse phase HPLC and electrospray interface with ion trap mass spectrometer method was developed for the characterization of anthocyanins in Concord, Rubired, and Salvador grape juices. Rubired and Salvador grapes are hybrids from Vitis vinifera and Vitis rupestris. Concord grape is a grape from the native American cultivar Vitis labrusca. Individual anthocyanins in these three varieties were identified on the basis of UV-vis and MS spectra and further elucidated by MS/MS spectra. Anthocyanins in Salvador and Concord grapes were 3-O-glucosides, 3-O-(6' '-O-p-coumaroyl)glucosides, 3-O-(6' '-O-p-acetyl)glucosides, 3,5-O-diglucosides, and 3-O-(6' '-O-p-coumaroyl)-5-O-diglucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin. Vitisin B was detected in Salvador grape juice. Anthocyanins in Rubired grape juice were primarily anthocyanin diglucosides: peonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, malvidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, peonidin 3-O-(6' '-O-p-coumaroyl)-5-O-diglucoside, and malvidin 3-O-(6' '-O-p-coumaroyl)-5-O-diglucoside are the four major anthocyanins. The presence of pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, not previously reported, has been established for the first time in all three juices.

The effects of different local crystalline structures of two-dimensional (2D) MoS2sheets on the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) are studied, providing new insights towards high-performance devices.

Band-bending in organic semiconductors, occurring at metal/alkali-halide cathodes in organic-electronic devices, is experimentally revealed and electrostatically modeled. Metal-to-organic charge transfer through the insulator, rather than doping of the organic by alkali-metal ions, is identified as the origin of the observed band-bending, which is in contrast to the localized interface dipole occurring without the insulating buffer layer.

The organic films of vanadyl-phthalocyanine (VOPc) compounds showed weak epitaxy growth (WEG) behavior on thin ordered para-sexiphenyl (p-6P) layer with high substrate temperature. The WEG of VOPc molecules standing up on the p-6P layer leaded to high in-plane orientation and their layer-by-layer growth behavior. In consequence, high quality VOPc films were obtained, which were consisted of lamellar crystals. Organic field-effect transistors with VOPc∕p-6P films as active layers realized high mobility of above 1cm2∕Vs. This result indicated that nonplanar compounds can obtain a device performance better than planar compounds, therefore, it may provide a rule to find disklike organic semiconductor materials.

Kidney International Supplements (2019) 9, e1-e81 e53 Chapter 6. Prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of dialysis patients e57 Chapter 7. Clinical measurement and treatment among dialysis patients e60 Chapter 8. Vascular access e62 Chapter 9. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes among dialysis patients e63 Chapter 10. Hospitalization e66 Chapter 11. Medical expenditures for dialysis patients e68 Chapter 12. Kidney transplant waiting list e74 Chapter 13. Discussion e75 References e76 Appendices: Definitions of ICD coding e76 Appendix 1 | Coding of various CKD etiologies e77 Appendix 2 | Coding of CKD stages e78 Appendix 3 | Coding of diabetes mellitus e78 Appendix 4 | Coding of hypertension e78 Appendix 5 | Coding of CVD e80 Appendix 6 | Coding of CVD operations e81 Appendix 7 | Coding of AKI www.kisupplements.org d e t a i l e d c o n t e n t s