Kidney International Supplements (2019) 9, e1-e81 e53 Chapter 6. Prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of dialysis patients e57 Chapter 7. Clinical measurement and treatment among dialysis patients e60 Chapter 8. Vascular access e62 Chapter 9. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes among dialysis patients e63 Chapter 10. Hospitalization e66 Chapter 11. Medical expenditures for dialysis patients e68 Chapter 12. Kidney transplant waiting list e74 Chapter 13. Discussion e75 References e76 Appendices: Definitions of ICD coding e76 Appendix 1 | Coding of various CKD etiologies e77 Appendix 2 | Coding of CKD stages e78 Appendix 3 | Coding of diabetes mellitus e78 Appendix 4 | Coding of hypertension e78 Appendix 5 | Coding of CVD e80 Appendix 6 | Coding of CVD operations e81 Appendix 7 | Coding of AKI www.kisupplements.org d e t a i l e d c o n t e n t s

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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are characterized by self‐renewal and ‐differential potential as compared to common cancer cells and play an important role in the development and therapeutic resistance of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). However, the specific pathogenesis of LIHC stem cells is still unclear, and the genes involved in the stemness of LIHC stem cells are currently unknown. In this study, we investigated novel biomarkers associated with LIHC and explored the expression characteristics of stem cell‐related genes in LIHC. We found that mRNA expression‐based stemness index (mRNAsi) was significantly overexpressed in liver cancer tissues. Further, mRNAsi expression in LIHC increased with the tumor pathological grade, with grade 4 tumors harboring the greatest stem cell features. Upon establishing mRNAsi scores based on mRNA expression of every gene, we found an association with poor overall survival in LIHC. Moreover, modules of interest were determined based on weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) inclusion criteria, and three significant modules (red, green, and brown) and 21 key genes (DCN, ECM1, HAND2, PTGIS, SFRP1, SRPX, COLEC10, GRP182, ADAMTS7, CD200, CDH11, COL8A1, FAP, LZTS1, MAP1B, NAV1, NOTCH3, OLFML2A, PRR16, TMEM119, and VCAN) were identified. Functional analysis of these 21 genes demonstrated their enrichment in pathways involved in angiogenesis, negative regulation of DNA‐binding transcription factor activity, apoptosis, and autophagy. Causal relationship with proteins indicated that the Wnt, Notch, and Hypoxia pathways are closely related to LIHC tumorigenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a novel CSC biomarker, mRNAsi, to predict the prognosis of LIHC. Further, we identified 21 key genes through mRNA expression network analysis, which could be potential therapeutic targets to inhibit the stemness of cancer cells in LIHC.

BackgroundEarly-stage chronic kidney disease has been suggested to be correlated with cognitive decline, but the association has rarely been explored in the oldest old.Subjects and methodsThis prospective study included 284 Chinese participants aged 80 years or older with serum creatinine levels <150 µmol/L. The median follow-up time was 3.3 years, and 247 (87.0%) participants provided valid data at their last visit. Kidney function was evaluated by measuring the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at baseline, and cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at both baseline and annual visits. A reliable decrease in the MMSE score over the follow-up period was observed based on a Reliable Change Index of 1.645 (equivalent to a 90% confidence interval [CI]), which was used to define cognitive decline. Poisson regression models were built to analyze the association between baseline kidney function and cognitive decline.ResultsA total of 18 (7.3%) cases of incident cognitive decline were observed during the follow-up period. After adjusting for potential confounders, the relative risk of developing cognitive decline was 4.03 (95% CI 1.09–13.81) among participants with an eGFR of 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 compared to participants with an eGFR of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2.ConclusionEarly-stage chronic kidney disease was correlated with cognitive decline in an oldest-old Chinese population.

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