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OBJECTIVE:Co-morbidity is a medical condition accompanied to the primary condition for which patient is seeking medical or dental care. To determine the frequency of medical co-morbid conditions in dental patients. METHODOLOGY: After obtaining informed consent, a comprehensive predesigned history form was implemented to record patient's medical conditions. Different variables recorded for each participant were age, gender and history of medical co-morbid conditions including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, renal disorders, typhoid, thyroid disorder, degenerative joint disorder, asthma, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis A and E, HIV and tuberculosis. RESULTS: In this study, hypertension accounted for 9.5% in total number of patients followed by degenerative joint disorders and hepatitis C with the same frequency of 5.2%. Diabetes mellitus and hepatitis B accounted for 3.4% of the patients CONCLUSION: This study concludes that presentation of medically compromised patients in dentistry is inevitable.

Aim: To describe the clinic-o-pathological pattern of patients presented with salivary gland tumors at Department of Maxillofacial surgery Mayo hospital Lahore during time period of one year from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mayo Hospital Lahore. 75 cases of Salivary gland tumors in the head and neck region were identified. Patient’s medical record and pathology reports were retrieved and carefully reviewed by a senior doctor to collect basic demographic data as well as tumor related information. Data entry and analysis was done with the help of SPSS version-26. Chi Square Test/Fisher exact test was applied to see the association between qualitative variables. Results: In this study Mean age of patients in this study was 40.45±13.18. Male patients were predominant as compared to female patients; Male 53.3% & Female 46.7%.The most frequent tumor among patients was Pleomorphic Adenoma (61.3%) followed by Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (17.3%), Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (13.3%), Warthin’s Tumor (4%), Squamous cell Carcinoma of Parotid (2.7%) and adenocarcinoma (1.3%) respectively. However no significant association was seen between salivary gland tumors with age and gender of patients (p-value=0.521). Conclusion: Among the benign salivary gland tumors pleomorphic adenoma is the most common tumor whereas among malignant salivary gland tumors adenoid cystic carcinoma is the most frequent occurring tumor. Keywords: Salivary gland Tumors, Maxillofacial Surgery, Pathological Pattern,

Background: Tooth wear, or as it is also often referred to as non-carious tooth surface loss (TSL), can be described simply as ‘the pathological non-carious loss of tooth tissue’. Tooth wear is often multifactorial in nature, making clinical diagnosis difficult. Identification of the etiology is essential for the successful management of the pathology. Methods: A total of 120 patients of both male and female with tooth wear were selected from dental OPD. Patients with age group 25-65years with tooth wear in at least two teeth according to basic erosive wear examination (BEWE) were included. Questionnaire covering primary risk factors that might cause tooth wear was used Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Results: Out of the 120 tooth wear patients, 69(57%) were male and 51(43%) were females. tooth wear presented more in males as compared to females. 42.24% patients reported with habit of tea consumption and 32.5% with cold drinks. 45% males and 43.4% females had gastric reflex disease. 60.9% male patients had problem of bruxism and clenching. Conclusion: This study reported that TSL has a multifactorial etiology. Parafunction, gastro esophageal reflux disease (GORD) and consumption of carbonated drinks were the most commonly observed causative factors. Keywords: Tooth wear, Erosion, Abrasion, Attrition, Causative factor

Temporomandibular joint ankylosis is the most common cause of facial deformity.1-4The main etiology of TMJ ankylosis include trauma and infection3,5.TraditionallyTemporomandibular joint Ankylosis patients had been managed with different treatment options including Gap arthoplasty6,Interpositiongap arthroplasty ,distraction osteogenesis and total joint replacement.To prevent reankylosis interposition of fascia or muscle had been documented and if reconstruction of the joint was needed Alloplastic(sialistic)or Autogenous graft ( Costochondral bone graft) had been used.6, 7,8,9 Costochondral graft is preferred for reconstruction because morphological it is similar to the condyle of mandibleandhas agrowth capacity.9But thisgraft is unpredictable in nature and different results are reported and documented including facial asymmetry, over growth, graft resorption, graft failure and even reankylosis.9 Distraction osteogenesis is a recent treatment method for the correction of hypo plastic mandible in Temporomandibular joint ankylosis patients. By using distraction osteogenesislarge skeletal movements are possible with little or no relapse commonly seen in other orthognathic corrections. In this study of 30 patients all patients were treated with TMJ Interposition gap arthoplasty (interposition of temporalis fascia) followed by the application of distractors at ramus of mandible. Mean age was14.96±4.17 years. Patient’s minimum and maximum age was 8 and 24 years respectively. Gender distribution shows that 15(50%) of the patients were male and 15(50%) were females. Male to female ratio was 1:1.Mean ramus length before distraction was 38.70±7.28 mm with 28-52 mm range. Mean ramus length after distraction osteogenesis was 49.00±8.01 mm. Mean increase in vertical ramus length was 10.26±2.86 mm. Minimum increase was 5mm and maximum increase in vertical ramus length was 15 mm respectively. In this study we were able to achieve increase in ramus length in all patient and only patient require reoperation due to failure of distractor appliance which was replaced successfully.