The essential oils from four medicinal plants viz., Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Nigella sativa and Piper nigrum were assessed at a rate of 5, 10, 15 and 20% concentrations against khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Everts) for their potential to protect stored wheat grains in term of their repellency and toxicity. Essential oils of A. indica gave the highest mean repellency (90.00%) at 20% concentration. The minimum value of repellency (23.56%) was observed in case of P. nigrum at 5% concentration. Highest value of mortality (30.68%) was recorded in case of A. indica, while minimum value of mortality (14.82%) was observed after 30-days of treatment application at 20% concentration. Similarly, after 5-days of treatment application at 5% concentration, highest mortality was 3.45% in case of A. indica and minimum value was 2.24% where application of P. nigrum was carried out. Essential oils from these plants caused significant T. granarium mortality and deterred the larvae from feeding on wheat grains. Essential oils of these plants could serve as the foundation for development of new botanical insecticides.
Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) is considered as a notorious and destructive pest in the world and can reduce cotton yield up to 30% if not managed properly. Insect pest management through mating disruption technique offers practically an ideal approach to combat the pests. In the present study, the efficacy of mating disruption dispensers (PB rope L) for the management of pink bollworm was evaluated and the percent infestation in bolls and leftover bolls was determined in the cotton growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan during 2017. The PB ropes @100 per acre were used for each treated field of approximately 50 acres with a block of 10 acres as a control plot in the same union council of the treated plot. Calculation was made by comparing infestation and cotton yield in treated field with that of control field. The PB rope significantly reduced both the number of males in the sex pheromone traps and cotton bolls damage. Results revealed that PB rope during the first pin square period (45 days after sowing) effectively minimized the damage even in leftover bolls. The yield of treated field was enhanced compared with control field by 31% in 2017. Infestation in leftover bolls was estimated by comparing cotton bolls collected from control field with bolls from the treated field. The results reflected 1.56% damage in control field and 0.30% damage in treated field with a difference of 1.26 (80% reduction in damage in treated plots). Result indicated that PB rope disrupted the pest mating effectively during July to October.
Cotton, popularly known as white gold, is the king of natural fiber and an important cash crop of Pakistan which earns foreign exchange up to 11.7% and 2.9% of GDP. The present study was carried out in cotton growing areas of four divisions of Punjab to determine the choice of cotton growers for the selection of pesticides for the management of whitefly. The data of hot spots of whitefly were recorded twice a week from April to October during 2015, 2016 and 2017 by using the standard pest scouting method. The study revealed that an increase of 16.09% hot spots of whitefly was detected in 2017 as compared to previous two consecutive years (2015 and 2016). Regarding farmers’ choice for selection of pesticides used to control whitefly, the farmers used Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Buprofezin, Clothinadin, Diafenthiuron, Flonicamid, Matrine, Pyriproxifen, Pymetrozine, Spirotetramat. The comparison of three years indicated that maximum farmers preferred to spray Pyriproxifen on the hot spots of cotton whitefly followed by Buprofezin, Acetamiprid and Diafenthiuronwhile Clothinadin and Matrine were used by the minimum numbers of farmers. The use of these insecticides by the farmers during the three years was non-significant. The farmers preferred these pesticides being of third generation, IGRs, Neonicotinoids, environment friendly to human health and safer to natural enemies of whitefly
C otton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the most important crop of Pakistan. It contributed 1% share in GDP of Pakistan and 5.2% in the agriculture value addition with and annual production of 10.671 million bales in 2016-17 (Zalucki andFurlong, 2005). Cotton crop is attacked by a hundred of insect pests Abstract | Pink boll worm (Pectinophora gossypiella, S. Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive pests of cotton. Observations were recorded about pest infestation. Metrological data was collected of each district's head quarter on daily basis for the year 2017. For accumulation of degree days model, Huber's method was adopted and data for calculation of generations by accumulating progressive degree days was observed highly significant i.e., P>0.0001. In the present study, the accumulation of degree days for its forecasting was calculated from 1st January by using the metrological data and base line temperature and found 7 generations of pink boll worm to be found in all districts. Data for moths trapped in sex pheromone traps was noted as highly significant i.e., P>0.0001. Peaks of moth catches in 14 districts were observed in the month of September to October while for pest survey P= 2 X 10-16 were highly significant meaning that all variables had significant result in response to ETL. The results by pest survey of pink boll worms in cotton fields depicted that the spots above economic threshold level (AETL) was varying between 0.4% in districts viz., D G Khan and Rajanpur to a maximum of 5.0% in district Vehari. Below economic threshold level (BETL) was varying between 0.4% in districts D G Khan and Rajanpur to a maximum infestation found in district Vehari at 23.1%. The population peaks indicate the overlapping seven generations of pink boll worm out of which 5 active generations were in cotton season giving the thresh hold time of start of emergence of 1 st generation and its 50% emergence.
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