Field studies were carried out at Adaptive Research Farm, Sheikhupura Punjab, Pakistan having rice- wheat cropping system to evaluate the efficacy of three different fungicides against seed or soil borne wheat diseases (Root rot, Loose smut & Black Point disease) during two successive seasons 2015-16 & 2016-17.The fungicides were Thiophenate methyl, compound fungicides i.e. Tubeconzol+ imidachloprid and Difenoconazol + cypnoconazol used as seed treatment at the rate of 2.5 g , 4 ml & 1 ml per kg of seed respectively. Incidence of root rot, loose smut & black point disease was recorded by selecting 15 plants, 100 plants & 100 seeds randomly of each treatment from each plot respectively in comparison with untreated control. All the fungicides significantly increased the seedling emergence per square meter about 15 percent as compared to untreated plot. Tubeconzol+ imidachloprid and Difenoconasol +cypnoconazol were the most effective seed dressing fungicide and reduced the number of rotted roots , loose smut infected spikes and black point infested seeds. Maximum number of productive tillers per square meter, healthy grains per spike and yield kg per hectare were recorded with compound fungicide Tubeconzol+ Imidachloprid followed by Difenoconazol + Cypnoconazol treated plots as compared to untreated plot.
Potato is an important commercial crop of the world. It was reported to be affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors is a blackleg, a bacterial disease of potato caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum and is responsible for both quantitative and qualitative losses in the field and in the storage. This disease has been found to be more frequent in the districts of Chiniot. Therefore, a survey was conducted in field's conditions of district Chiniot of Pakistan, as well as cold storages to assess the disease severity in the potato field. For isolation, samples were collected and identification, purification and mass culturing of the isolated of pathogen was also performed. The efficacy of different chemicals, plant extracts and bio-products were studied against isolated pathogen. During the screening trial of fifteen varieties, Cardinal was found immune while Faisalabad white was found to be highly susceptible. Other varieties like Accent, Harmony, Faisalabad Red and Lady Rosette were found resistant, while Desiree, SH70, Everest, Hermes, Orla and Paramount were found moderately resistant. Varietals response against this bacterium was evaluated under natural conditions in the field on weekly basis. Evaluation of different bio-products and plant extracts was carried out under laboratory conditions. Under the laboratory conditions, bio-products produced maximum inhibition zone. Plant extracts namely neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), datura (Datura alba) and onion (Allium sepa) also produced a little inhibition zone against the growth of Erwinia.
Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) is considered as a notorious and destructive pest in the world and can reduce cotton yield up to 30% if not managed properly. Insect pest management through mating disruption technique offers practically an ideal approach to combat the pests. In the present study, the efficacy of mating disruption dispensers (PB rope L) for the management of pink bollworm was evaluated and the percent infestation in bolls and leftover bolls was determined in the cotton growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan during 2017. The PB ropes @100 per acre were used for each treated field of approximately 50 acres with a block of 10 acres as a control plot in the same union council of the treated plot. Calculation was made by comparing infestation and cotton yield in treated field with that of control field. The PB rope significantly reduced both the number of males in the sex pheromone traps and cotton bolls damage. Results revealed that PB rope during the first pin square period (45 days after sowing) effectively minimized the damage even in leftover bolls. The yield of treated field was enhanced compared with control field by 31% in 2017. Infestation in leftover bolls was estimated by comparing cotton bolls collected from control field with bolls from the treated field. The results reflected 1.56% damage in control field and 0.30% damage in treated field with a difference of 1.26 (80% reduction in damage in treated plots). Result indicated that PB rope disrupted the pest mating effectively during July to October.
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