C otton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the most important crop of Pakistan. It contributed 1% share in GDP of Pakistan and 5.2% in the agriculture value addition with and annual production of 10.671 million bales in 2016-17 (Zalucki andFurlong, 2005). Cotton crop is attacked by a hundred of insect pests Abstract | Pink boll worm (Pectinophora gossypiella, S. Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive pests of cotton. Observations were recorded about pest infestation. Metrological data was collected of each district's head quarter on daily basis for the year 2017. For accumulation of degree days model, Huber's method was adopted and data for calculation of generations by accumulating progressive degree days was observed highly significant i.e., P>0.0001. In the present study, the accumulation of degree days for its forecasting was calculated from 1st January by using the metrological data and base line temperature and found 7 generations of pink boll worm to be found in all districts. Data for moths trapped in sex pheromone traps was noted as highly significant i.e., P>0.0001. Peaks of moth catches in 14 districts were observed in the month of September to October while for pest survey P= 2 X 10-16 were highly significant meaning that all variables had significant result in response to ETL. The results by pest survey of pink boll worms in cotton fields depicted that the spots above economic threshold level (AETL) was varying between 0.4% in districts viz., D G Khan and Rajanpur to a maximum of 5.0% in district Vehari. Below economic threshold level (BETL) was varying between 0.4% in districts D G Khan and Rajanpur to a maximum infestation found in district Vehari at 23.1%. The population peaks indicate the overlapping seven generations of pink boll worm out of which 5 active generations were in cotton season giving the thresh hold time of start of emergence of 1 st generation and its 50% emergence.
Yellow moericke and sticky traps are important tools of integrated pest management (IPM), which act as indicators of population trends and fluctuation of flying insects. These traps were evaluated at different growth stages of wheat (seedling, tillering and dough stage) and trap height (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 meter) on the basis of mean aphid collection and species richness. Results indicated that population appeared in the standard week (SW) 52 of 1 st year to SW 18 of 2 nd year in both traps. Population peaks in the yellow moericke traps (YMT) and sticky trap (YST) were found during SW 08-14 and SW 10-14, respectively. The YMTs were 50 % more effective due to their higher attraction and killing rate of aphids as compared to the YSTs. The efficiency of attraction depends upon the size, shape, and height of trap, as well as the abiotic factors affecting them. To achieve ideal trap efficacy their height should be adjusted according to the crop growth stage. It is very important to keep traps just above the crop canopy. Traps at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 meter heights were more effective at seedling, tillering and dough stages, respectively. The population in the traps was correlated with the average temperature (⁰С) and humidity (%). Temperature had positive and significant correlation with population captured in the traps while humidity had negative and non-significant correlation with per unit population attraction. There was no significant difference of correlation between the traps attraction and years. Temperature and humidity had 47 and 0.9, 53 and 13 % impact on per unit population change in the YMT during 2019 and 2020, respectively. While in YST temperature and humidity had 55 and 0.7, 83 and 5 % impact on per unit population change during 2019 and 2020, respectively. These traps were installed in the wheat field where it attracted 14 species of aphid. Two new species Aphis nerii and Aphis fabae were reported in the agro ecological zone of Bhakkar having active periods SW 18-22 and SW 03-07, respectively. Yellow moericke traps are highly recommended to use as indicator as well as control tool of all important aphid species of wheat crop.
C hickpea (Cicer arietinum) is the largest profitable Rabi pulse crop and stands 3 rd worldwide after common bean and field pea (Padmavathiv et al., 2013). It belongs to leguminoseae family and grown in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates globally (
Chickpea is an important nodules producing pulse crop of Thal. To enhance nitrogen fixation for higher yield, the effect of bacterial strains on nodulation was evaluated for yield contributing traits of chickpea at Arid Zone Research Institute, Bhakkar, Pakistan during 2019-20. Six Rhizobium inoculations i.e. Providencia vermicola, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus mojavensis, Mesorhizobium ciceri-11, Mesorhizobium ciceri-1 and Bacillus subtilis were tested on two chickpea genotypes i.e. Bhakkar-2011 and Thal-2020. A consortium of six bacterial strains was applied at the time of sowing as a seed coating on a sandy soil. Results showed a significant increase in height/plant, nodulation, 100 grain weight, pods/plant and grain yield (kg/ha) due to bacterial inoculation. Nodules/plant were also increased from 44.08 to 76.16. Maximum number of nodules plant-1 were counted as 76.16 with 2.59 g fresh and 0.64 g dry weight per plant in treatment combination viz. Thal-2020 × RP08+RS14+RZ11 thus showing the specific symbiotic relationship among the genotypes and Rhizobium inoculum. In comparison to the control, the PSB, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and rhizobium inoculum results were 52 % increase in pods/ plant. The maximum number of pods/plant (116.00) and100 grain weight (27.73 g) were recorded in V1 × T1 (RP08+RS14+ RZ11). The weight of 100 grains was increased by 40% over the control. T1 had the highest 100 grain weight of 27.73 g, followed by V1 x T3 with a 100 grain weight of 26.22 g. PSB, nitrogen fixation bacteria and PSB inoculation substantially improved pulse crop 100 grain weight and yield. Thal-2020 had the highest grain yield of 3732 kg/ha, while V2 (Bhakkar-2011) had the lowest at 3516 kg/ha. Inoculation with rhizobium consortium improved grain yield by 30% (2617 to 3732 kg/ha). Hence, it was concluded that among all the treatments of Rhizobium consortium, N-fixing bacteria and PSB influenced a beneficial effect on chickpea grain yield quality and quantity.
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