Dill, Anethum graveolens L. (Apiaceae), is an annual plant with a strong spicy odor [1]. Dill has been known since antiquity as an agent for increasing the stomach tonus and has been used for aches in the stomach and intestines, dispepsia, bladder inflammation, liver diseases, headaches, cramps, and insomnia [2]. The essential oil (EO) of dill seeds contains biologically active compounds [3,4].We used EO from dill seeds collected in the Xinjiang-Uigur Autonomous Region of China. EO was extracted from dill seeds (50 g) by steam distillation for 4 h and extracted from the aqueous phase by diethylether. The ether extract was dried with Na 2 SO 4 . Solvent was removed overnight. The yield of EO was 3.8% of the seed mass. EO of dill was an oily light yellow liquid with a unique odor and a density of 0.925 g/cm 3 .The chemical composition of the EO was studied by GC-MS on a Perkin-Elmer Turbo Mass Aid System XL gas chromatograph with a quadrupole mass spectrometer as the detector. We used a 30-m PE-5MS capillary quartz column (copolymer 5% phenylmethylsilicone) with internal diameter 0.25 mm and stationary-phase film thickness 25 µm, flow rate 35 mL/min, He carrier gas with temperature programming. The column was held for 2 min at 75°C, heated to 100°C at 2°C/min, to 160°C at 4°C/min, to 220°C at 2°C/min, and held for 2 min at that temperature. The final isothermal duration was 20 min at 230°C. Samples (0.2 µL) were injected. The evaporator temperature was 180°C; detector, 220°C; ionization potential, 70 eV, m/z, 30-550. The contents of oil components were calculated using the areas of the GC peaks without correction coefficients. Quantitative analysis was based on comparison of retention times and complete mass spectra with those of standard oil components, pure compounds, and mass spectrometric libraries of NBS, NIST, and Wiley.
Plants of the Cicer L. genus belong to the Fabaceae family [1]. Some plants of this family, e.g., soybean, bean, mung bean, chick-pea, and others are industrially cultivated. Cicer (chick-pea) is used to prepare dietary protein concentrate, vegetable oil, flour, etc. [2].We studied lipids from two seed samples of Cicer mediterraneum (Kabuli) I and C. asiatecum (Desi) II cultivated in Xinjiang-Uigur Autonomous Region (China). The moisture content of I was 8.2%; of II, 7.9%. Neutral lipids (NL) were isolated by extraction with hydrocarbons (75-80C) from previsouly ground seeds. The yield of lipids was 3.76% from I; 3.64%, from II calculated for absolute dry raw material. Total polar lipids (PL) were extracted from the remaining pulp by the Folch method [3]. Then, PL were separated into glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PhL) by column chromatography over silica gel. The NL were eluted by CHCl 3 ; GL, acetone; PhL, CH 3 OH. The GL content with pigments was 0.24 and 0.18%; PhL, 0.44 and 0.45% from I and II, respectively.Classes of each group of lipids were identified by TLC on silica gel using specific reagents and model compounds.Classes of NL were determined using the solvent systems hexane:diethylether (1:4 and 1:1). Spots of compounds were developed by spraying plates with aqueous H 2 SO 4 (50%) followed by heating. The NL contained hydrocarbons including carotinoids, esters of aliphatic alcohols and sterols with fatty acids, and triacylglycerides, which made up the bulk of the NL, free fatty acids, free sterols and aliphatic alcohols, and small amounts of oxygenated triacylglycerides. The carotinoid content in the NL was determined by spectrophotometry [4]. It was 30.6 for I; 28.0 mg% for II. Total GL were separated using CHCl 3 :(CH 3 ) 2 CO:CH 3 OH:CH 3 CO 2 H:H 2 O (65:20:10:10:3). Spots of compounds were developed using .-naphthol and perchloric acid [3].The analysis showed that the main class of GL in both samples was sterolglycosides. The smallest fraction consisted of esters of sterolglycosides and monogalactosyldiglycerides. Furthermore, digalactosyldiglycerides and cerebrosides were detected. The PhL composition was determined using two-dimensional TLC and CHCl 3 :CH 3 OH:NH 4 OH (13:7:1) and CHCl 3 :CH 3 OH:CH 3 CO 2 H:(CH 3 ) 2 CO:H 2 O (10:5:2:4:1). Spots of compounds were developed using ninhydrin solution and Vaskovskii and Dragendorff's reagents [3]. PhL of both samples contain mainly three components that could be placed in the following order depending on their content: phosphatidylcholines > phosphatidylethanolamines > phosphatidylinosides. Furthermore, sample I contained traces of N-acyllysophosphatidylethanolamines, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidic acids. Table 1 gives the composition of fatty acids of NL and PL as determined by GC. Lipids were hydrolyzed and fatty acids were isolated and methylated as before [5]. Table 1 shows that differences were observed in the content of individual fatty acids although the compositions of the fatty acids of the NL and PL were very simil...
Seeds of Ocimum basilicum L. are used in traditional medicine for stomach ulcers, dyspepsia, diarrhea, pharyngitis, and kidney inflammation [1]. Basil seeds are often included in drinks (sherbet) and frozen desserts (faloodeh) for esthetics and as a source of dietary fiber in Iran and many regions of Asia [2,3]. The external pericarp swells upon wetting with water and forms a gel-like coating [4] because of the presence of a polysaccharide layer.We communicated previously that polysaccharides isolated from O. basilicum seeds consisted of fructose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, and galactose. The principal constituents were xylose, glucuronic acid, and arabinose [5]. In continuation of research in this area, we present results on the isolation and purification of acidic watersoluble polysaccharides from O. basilicum fruit by column chromatography over DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and Sephadex G-100 and on their structures according to IR and NMR spectroscopy.Pure acidic polysaccharides were obtained using the previously obtained acidic water-soluble polysaccharide (WSPS-H-A) [5]. WSPS-H-A (200 mg) was dissolved in distilled H 2 O (6 mL) and centrifuged for 5 min at 10,000 rpm and 4°C. The supernatant liquid was transferred to a Servacel DEAE-23SN ion-exchange column (25 mm u 25 cm) and eluted with H 2 O and NaCl solutions (concentrations 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 M). The polysaccharide yield was monitored using the phenol-H 2 SO 4 method.The polysaccharide content in the fraction eluted by H 2 O was 12.6 mg (fraction 1, 6.3%); by NaCl (0.2 M), 170 mg (fraction 2, 80%); by NaCl (0.5 M), 19.5 mg (fraction 3, 9.7%); and by NaCl (1.0 M), 5.1 mg (fraction 4, 2.5%). A total of 98.5% of the polysaccharide fraction was recovered.Fraction 2 (50 mg) was separated by column chromatography over Sephadex G-100 on an HP Polysaccharide Purifier 10 instrument equipped with conductivity, UV, and differential detectors to afford homogeneous fraction 2-1 (13.1 mg yield).The IR spectrum of fraction 2-1 had absorption bands at 3411 cm 1 (OH), 1642 (carboxyl), 1200-1000 (C-Ñ and C-O stretching), 800 (pyranose ring), and 873 (E-glycoside bond) [6].The structure of fraction 2-1 was studied using PMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy and 2D COSY, HSQC, and HMBC methods.PMR spectra in the region of anomeric protons exhibited four resonances at G 5.30 ppm (strongest), 4.86 (minor), 4.64, and 4.48. Other proton resonances were located in the range 3.2-4.4 ppm. A strong singlet at 3.48 ppm was characteristic of an OCH 3 group. The strong-field spectral region contained a doublet at 1.26 ppm (J = 4.2 Hz) that was characteristic of a rhamnopyranose (Rhap) methyl.The 13 C NMR spectrum showed in the range 100-105 ppm four anomeric resonances at 100.44, 102.79, 104.23, and 104.69 ppm. The first strong resonance belonged to C-1 of D-glucuronic acid (D-GlcpA). The other anomeric resonances were assigned to E-rhamnopyranose (E-Rhap, weak), E-xylopyranose (E-Xylp), and E-arabinopyranose (D-Arap). A resonance at 179.97 ppm that gave a cross-...
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