In the last quarter of the nineteenth century the Dutch economy experienced a fresh take-off. Up-to-date steamships plied the shipping routes to the Netherlands East Indies; in the Netherlands the network of railways and canals was greatly expanded; modern insurance companies, commercial banks and other financial institutions were founded. The resultant growing need for external capital led to a new legal form of financing, the joint-stock or limited liability company, and the 1870s and 1880s saw the establishment of a relatively large number of newly founded companies of this type. Generally speaking, these companies represented business activities with a long-standing tradition in Dutch economic life: trade, banking and transportation. The economic take-off was also reflected in the growing number of joint-stock companies pursuing economic activities in colonial Indonesia, often with their headquarters in the Indonesian Archipelago itself. According to J. à Campo the number of such newly founded corporations was more than hundred for each year after 1896, reaching its highest level in 1910, when no less than 326 were founded.
Neueren Forschungsbefunden zufolge sind private Sekundärschulen in den USA leistungsfähiger als staatliche Schulen. Zwei kritische Punkte der amerikanischen Forschung, die im Mittelpunkt des Artikels stehen, beziehen sich auf die Frage, a) ob die kurzfristig gemessenen Vorteile privater Schulen langfristig stabil sind und b) ob sich die festgestellten Effekte durch Unterschiede in der Finanzierung erklären lassen. In den Niederlanden sind staatliche und private Schulen finanziell gleichgestellt. Unter Verwendung von Längsschnittdaten zum Schulerfolg einer Schüler-Kohorte, die 1965 in das Sekundarschulwesen eintrat, wird untersucht, ob sich die Schüler an katholischen, evangelischen und staatlichen Schulen systematisch hinsichtlich verschiedener Erfolgsindikatoren voneinander unterscheiden. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Existenz eines Schulsektor-Effektes. Summary: Recent research has claimed that American private high schools are more effective than public high schools. Two critical aspects of this research are at the center of this article: a) whether the short-term benefits of private schools which were found to exist persist over an extended period of time; b) whether these effects can be explained by differences in funding. In the Netherlands public and private education are equally funded. Longitudinal data on the educational attainment of the 1965-cohort during the whole of their secondary education were used to establish whether Dutch Catholic, Protestant and public secondary schools have differential effects on their pupils' educational achievement. The results of the study demonstrate the presence of a school sector effect in the Netherlands on the educational attainment of their pupils.
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