Introduction Parasitic diseases caused by liver trematodes have an important place among many parasitic infections causing reduced productivity in animals. Liver trematodes constitute an important parasitic group affecting domestic ruminants around the world and in Turkey. Animals infected by this parasite manifest symptoms such as deterioration of overall status, edema, anemia, and weakness. It has been reported that in infected animals the bile ducts are dilated, the gall bladder is filled with bile, and the liver becomes fibrotic and cirrhotic and thus stiffer and hard to dissect over time (1). Among liver trematodes, D. dendriticum settles in the liver of ruminants and causes weight loss and reduced milk yield (2). Another parasite causing hepatic injury in sheep is the hydatid cyst, which is the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus. After ingestion of food material contaminated by canine feces, hydatid cysts primarily infect ruminants, but also camels, rabbits, pigs, humans, and monkeys. It primarily involves the liver, but also the lungs, spleen, and heart, and rarely other organs. Since its larvae involve the liver and lungs of intermediary hosts, they do not pose many problems when young. When they are fully grown, however, they cause jaundice if they reside in the liver. Hepatic dysfunction leads to digestive disorders, while cysts in other organ systems give rise to organ-specific disorders (3). Biochemical changes in blood are used to diagnose many disorders (4). Important changes can occur in the serum biochemistry of animals during parasitic infections (5,6). These infections are held responsible for hypoproteinemia and reduced levels of trace elements due mainly to malabsorption and increase in liver enzymes due to resulting hepatic injury (5,7). Dağoğlu et al. (8) reported that tissue injury induced by parasites involving the liver, such as D. dendriticum, caused altered serum enzymatic activity, which is particularly important for early detection of toxic hepatic injury. Minerals have an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions and protecting organisms against disease. These substances are found in the structure of cofactors that are necessary for enzymatic activity. Copper (Cu) is an element that must be supplied in the diet of domestic livestock. Its deficiency is characterized by oxidation disturbance, anemia, hair depigmentation,

This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of thiol/disulfide homeostasis (TDH) and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels in evaluating oxidative stress in dogs with canine distemper. The study materials consisted of 24 cross-breed dogs: 18 dogs with canine distemper (CD group) and 6 healthy dogs as the control. Blood samples for analysis of antioxidant-oxidant parameters were taken from both groups. In addition to TDH parameters (native thiol [NT], total thiol [TT], and disulfide [Ds] levels and Ds/NT, Ds/TT, and NT/TT ratios), IMA and albumin (ALB) levels were also determined in the blood serum of the groups. The IMA levels of the CD group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Antioxidant parameters (NT, TT) and oxidant parameters (Ds, Ds/NT, and Ds/TT) both exhibited a significant positive correlation among themselves (P<0.01). The areas under the ROC curve of IMA, Ds/NT, and Ds/TT were 0.78, 0.62, and 0.62 respectively. The high levels of IMA, Ds, Ds/NT, and Ds/TT and low levels of NT, TT, NT/TT and ALB in dogs with canine distemper can be used to assess the oxidative stress caused by the disease. Overall, the diagnostic performances of IMA, Ds/NT, and Ds/TT for detection of increased oxidative stress were similar, but IMA was superior.

Giardia duodenalis is a binuclear flagellated protozoan that can infect birds, reptiles and many mammals. The pathogen is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in humans and farm animals. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in naturally infected lambs with Giardia duodenalis. The animal material of the study was used Sakız sheep which had naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis between 15-35 days of age from the Aydın region (n = 30), healthy lambs in the same age range (n = 15) and both sexes. Sterile stool samples with the method of rectal touching of fecal samples from infected and healthy animals, blood samples were obtained in a total of 5 ml of v.jugularis according to the technique in order to determine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels. Giardia screening was performed by direct microscopic examination of stool samples. 25-OH-D levels were measured with Savant brand fluorescent immunoassay device from the obtained serum samples. Mann-Whitney U test was used in statistical analysis. Statistically significant changes were observed in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels of healthy and natural infected animals (p <0.05).

This study was conducted to determine the levels of serum total cholesterol in Hair goats in different gender and age ranges. For this purpose, the blood samples from 120 Hair goats, young (£ 6 months) and adult (2-4 years), which were found to be clinically healthy, were taken from the vena jugularis. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels were measured in sera samples. The mean values in adult female goats, young female goats, adult male goats and young male goats were found. Triglyceride levels were found to be higher in male goats than in females. It was observed that the HDL values obtained from male kids were lower than the other ones. The LDL results obtained from the goats were close to each other and statistically insignificant. Thus, in this study, the data obtained is considered to contribute to the formation of reference values in the Hair goats.n

Sarcoptic mange, a notable parasitic disease, causes dermatological alterations among ruminants. Thiol-disulphite hemostasis is a novel oxidative stress parameter. The aim of this study was to evaluate dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in sheep with sarcoptic mange. Total of thirty-six sheep (n=15 female, n=21 male) with sarcoptic mange (Group I), and twelve healthy sheep (Group II) were used in the study. A novel method was used to determine the thiol disulphide parameters. Native thiol, total thiol and Disulphide values were statistically lower in Group I. Disulphide/native thiol, Disulphide/total thiol, and Native thiol/ total thiol proportions had no statistical differences in groups. Sarcoptic mange was probably affected by the thiol Disulphide hemostasis in infected sheep. Thus, the data obtained in this study might form base for further studies to include antioxidant molecules in the treatment protocols.