Giardia duodenalis (Giardia lambia, Giardia intestinalis), a flagellated parasite, is a gastrointestinal pathogen that affects public health worldwide. There are limited studies on the epidemiology and molecular characterization of G. duodenalis in farm animals in Turkey. Molecular characterization is requited to determine the zoonotic potential of Giardia infection. In the present study, 71 calf 50 lamb, and 66 fecal stool samples were obtained from the animal rectum using a disposable latex glove and the samples were transferred to the laboratory. Then, the presence of cysts was examined with a microscope using of saturated zinc sulfate flotation method (ZnSO4; 33%). Afterwards, the samples were scanned with ELISA-based rapid diagnostic test kits for diagnosis. Then, DNA was extracted with QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany). Nested PCR was then conducted with the corresponding primers. DNA sequence analysis was conducted on beta-giardin gene region of each PCR positive samples. Then, sequence analyses were blasted and compared with the access numbers in the gene bank (M36728 for sub-genotype A1, AY072723 for sub-genotype A2, for AY072724 sub-genotype A3, AY072725 for sub-genotype A3, AY072725 for sub-genotype B1, AY072726 for sub-genotype B2, AY072727 for sub-genotype B3, AY072728 for sub-genotype B4). In the microscopic examination, Giardia cysts were identified in 41 calves, 41 lambs, and 23 goats. Positivity was determined with rapid test kits in 38 calves, 16 lambs, and 26 goats. In nested PCR results, specific bands (511 bp) were obtained in 46 calves, 21 lambs and 24 goats. Sequencing findings demonstrated Assemblage A and subgenotype A3 presence in all animal samples. The importance of treatment and the need to take protective measures due to its zoonotic importance were emphasized.
Farklı birçok hastalıkta giderek artan kurkumin kullanımına dair veriler göz önüne alındığında, bu saha çalışmasının amacı, giyardiyazisli buzağılarda enema (proktolizis) ile kurkuminin terapötik etkinliğinin araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya her iki cinsiyette olan, 27-60 günlük yaştaki Giardia duodenalis ile doğal enfekte buzağılar dâhil edildi. Tanı: a) Hızlı ELISA test kiti, b) Mikroskobik ve öncelikli parazitolojik kontrol, c) Asemblaj tayiniyle birlikte Nested Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu analiziyle yapıldı. Giyardiyazisli ve ishalli buzağılar Grup I (2 g/buzağı/gün kurkumin, rektal yolla, 10 gün süreyle) ya da Grup II (herhangi bir ilaç uygulaması yapılmayana kontrol) olmak üzere rastgele 2 gruba ayrıldı. Enema kurkuminin terapötik etkinliği 0., 3., 7. ve 10. günlerde rektal yoldan toplanan dışkı örneklerinin mikroskobik incelemesiyle belirlendi. Bulgular: Gruplar arası kontrol ve sağaltım karşılaştırması 3, 7 ve 10. günlerdeki %58,17 (p=0,125), %99,68 (p=0,001) ve %100 (p=0,001) azalma şeklinde görüldü. Kurkumin enema hiçbir yan etki olmaksızın güvenle uygulanmıştır. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak buzağılarda giyardiyazis sağaltımında enema kurkuminin kullanımının güvenli, kolay ve ekonomik (makul fiyatlanan ve ucuz) olduğu sonucuna varmak yanlış olmayacaktır. Saha uygulamasındaki bu doz rejimi (bu çalışmada model olarak enema kullanıldı) zorlayıcı olmayıp diğer doz planlaması ilerleyen çalışmamızın amacı olacaktır. Enema modeliyle kurkumin kullanımının giyardiyazisli buzağılardaki antiparazitik etkinliği ile kist saçılımında belirgin azalma sağladığı öne sürülebilinir.Anah tar Ke li me ler: Buzağı; giyardiyazis; kurkumin; zerdeçal ABS TRACT Objective: Given the growing cumulative evidence of curcumin usage for several diseases, the purpose of this field study was to detect the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin enema (proctolysis) in calves with giardiasis. Material and Methods: A total of 20 calves naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis at the age of 27 to 60 days, of both sexes were enrolled into the study. The diagnosis was based on a) Rapid diagnostic ELISA test kits, b) Microscopic and prior parasitological check and c) Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis along with assemblage detection. Calves with diarrhea and giardiasis were randomly assigned into 2 groups (n=10), Group I (2 g/calf/day curcumin via rectal route for 10 days) and Group II (were stable as the control without any drug prescription). The therapeutic efficacy of curcumin enema was determined by microscopical examination of faecal samples collected rectally on days 0, 3, 7 and 10. Results: Intra-group comparison of control and treatment calves revealed 58.17% (p=0.125), 99.68% (p=0.001) and 100% (p=0.001) reduction on days 3, 7, and 10, respectively. Curcumin enema was safely used without any side effects. Conclusion: In conclusion, it should not be unwise to draw conclusion that curcumin enema could be safely, easily and economically (reasonably priced and cheap) used for the treatment of giardiasis among calves. At this dose...
Objective. To determine the efficiency of clinoptilolite supplements on milk production and somatic cell count (SCC). Materials and methods. 80 Holstein–Friesian cows were used, between 2 and 4 years of age ad between their first and third lactation. Two groups made up of 40 animals were constituted, and one of the following treatments were assigned randomly: Control group (n=40) with a basal diet, and experimental group (Clinoptilolite; n=40) with a basal diet + 3% (p/p) of clinoptilolite. The basal diet consisted of corn, hay, sunflower flour, barley grains, wheat bran and soy flour. The experiment lasted 16 weeks (February to June 2013) and began 4 weeks before the expected delivery date. 2560 milk samples were taken (morning and evening), and the farm was visited twice a week. Results. The mean values for the control group and the clinoptilolite group were 30.63±0.851 and 33.66±0.756, respectively. Milk prouction for the clinoptilolite group was higher than that of the control group (p<0.01). SCC for the control and clinoptilolite groups was 5.06±0.045 and 4.79±0.011, respectively (p<0.01). Conclusions. Supplementing with 3% (p/p) clinoptilolite in dairy cows increases milk production and decreases somatic cell count.
Giardia duodenalis is a binuclear flagellated protozoan that can infect birds, reptiles and many mammals. The pathogen is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in humans and farm animals. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in naturally infected lambs with Giardia duodenalis. The animal material of the study was used Sakız sheep which had naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis between 15-35 days of age from the Aydın region (n = 30), healthy lambs in the same age range (n = 15) and both sexes. Sterile stool samples with the method of rectal touching of fecal samples from infected and healthy animals, blood samples were obtained in a total of 5 ml of v.jugularis according to the technique in order to determine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels. Giardia screening was performed by direct microscopic examination of stool samples. 25-OH-D levels were measured with Savant brand fluorescent immunoassay device from the obtained serum samples. Mann-Whitney U test was used in statistical analysis. Statistically significant changes were observed in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels of healthy and natural infected animals (p <0.05).
SummaryThis study was carried out to investigate the relationships between somatic cell count (SCC) and some udder traits in 129 head HolsteinFriesian cows (1st and 5th month of lactation) raised at 3 dairy farm in Kamislar Village in Bozdogan county of Aydin province, Turkey. Farms were visited monthly between July 2011 and June 2012, and about 1108 milk samples and different udder measures were taken in 50±20 days, 90±20 days, 130±20 days of lactation of each cow studied. Mean log10SCC were calculated as 4.9±0.003 (87.923). The overall results showed that dairy farms and month of year groups had a significant effect on log10SCC (P<0.01). Positive correlations among fore teats perimeter and log10SCC (0.11) in farm A and among and log10SCC distance between fore teats (0.12) and distance between rear teats (0.10) in farm B, were found at the level of P<0.01, respectively. The correlation between rear teats perimeter and log10SCC (-0.12) was found to be negative and statistically significant in farm C (P<0.01). Consequently, udder traits relevant to minimization or elevation of SCC should be carefully evaluated in selection studies. Keywords: Holstein-Friesian, Cow, Somatic Cell Count, Udder Traits Siyah Alaca İneklerdeki Somatik Hücre Sayısı ile Bazı Meme Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişkiler ÖzetBu araştırma, Aydın ili Bozdoğan ilçesi Kamışlar Köyü'ndeki 3 süt sığırcılığı işletmesinde yetiştirilen 129 baş Siyah Alaca ineğin (laktasyonun 1. ve 5. ayları arasında) somatik hücre sayısı ile bazı meme özellikleri arasindaki ilişkileri incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. İşletmelere Temmuz 2011 ve Haziran 2012 tarihler arasında, ayda bir gidilerek laktasyonun 50±20 gün, 90±20 gün, 130±20. günlerinde yaklaşık 1108 adet süt örneği ile farklı meme ölçüleri alınmıştır. Ortalama log10SHS 4.9 ± 0.003 (87.923) olarak hesaplanmış, log10SHS üzerine işletme ve ayın istatistiki olarak önemli bir etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir (P<0.01). A işletmesinde ön meme başı çapı ile log10SHS arasındaki (0.11) ve B işletmesinde log10SHS ile ön meme başları arası mesafe (0.12) ve arka meme başları arası mesafe (0.10) arasındaki korelasyonlar P<0.01 düzeyinde bulunmuştur. C işletmesinde log10SHS ile arka meme başı çevresi (-0.12) arasındaki korelasyon negatif ve istatistik bakımdan önemli çıkmıştır (P<0.01). Çalışmada, SHS'nı azaltan ya da arttıran meme özelliklerinin seleksiyon çalışmalarında dikkatlice değerlendirilmesi sonucuna varılmıştır.
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