Soil acidity and low natural fertility are the main problems for grain production in Brazilian 'cerrado'. Although lime has been the most applied source for soil correction, silicate may be an alternative material due to its lower solubility and Si supply, which is beneficial to several crops. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of superficial liming and calcium/magnesium silicate application on soil chemical attributes, plant nutrition, yield components and final yield of a soybean/white oat/maize/bean rotation under no-tillage system in a drywinter region. The experiment was conducted under no tillage system in a deep acid clayey Rhodic Hapludox, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. The design was the completely randomized block with sixteen replications. Treatments consisted of two sources for soil acidity correction (dolomitic lime: ECC =90%, CaO=36% and MgO=12%; calcium/magnesium silicate: ECC =80%, CaO= 34%, MgO=10% and SiO 2 =22%) applied in October 2006 to raise base saturation up to 70% and a control, with no soil correction. Soybean and white oat were sown in 2006/2007 as the main crop and off-season, respectively. Maize and bean were cropped in the next year (2007/2008). Products from silicate dissociation reach deeper soil layers after 18 months from the application, compared to liming. Additionally, silicate is more efficient than lime to increasing phosphorus availability and reducing toxic aluminum. Such benefits in soil chemical attributes were only evidenced during bean cropping, when grain yield was higher after silicate application comparatively to liming. Both correction sources were improved mineral nutrition of all the other crops, mainly Ca and Mg levels and agronomical characteristics, reflecting in higher yield.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes com inseticidas e um bioestimulante na germinação no crescimento da planta e raiz de soja. Foram realizados dois experimentos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em que as sementes foram tratadas com aldicarb, thiametoxan, imidacloprid e duas testemunhas: uma sem produto e uma com bioestimulante. Em laboratório, as unidades experimentais constituíram-se de rolos de papel toalha com sementes de soja, para avaliar o vigor, a germinação, as plantas anormais e mortas, o comprimento de radículas e de plântulas. Nos testes em casa de vegetação, as unidades experimentais constituíram-se de tubos de PVC, com volume de 16 dm 3 , e foram avaliados: os teores de N, P e K; a matéria seca; o comprimento, a área e o raio médio radicular; a efi ciência de absorção de N, P e K; e a taxa de crescimento radicular da soja. Os tratamentos de sementes de soja com os inseticidas e o bioestimulante levam à formação de raízes mais fi nas, o que caracteriza um efeito tônico. O produto aldicarb, na dose empregada, prejudica o vigor e a germinação das sementes de soja. O tratamento de sementes com inseticidas e bioestimulante não proporciona maior crescimento das raízes das plantas de soja.Termos para indexação: Glycine max, crescimento de plantas, crescimento de raízes, efeito fi totônico, rizotron. Soybean seed treatment with insecticides and biostimulantAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of seed treatment with insecticides and biostimulant on soybean germination and plant and root growth. Two experiments were performed in complete randomized blocks, in which seeds were treated with aldicarb, thiamethoxan, imidacloprid and two checks: one without treatment and one treated with biostimulant. The experimental units at the laboratory were germination sheet rolls with soybean seeds. Plantlet vigor, germination, normal and abnormal plantlets, root and hypocotyl lengths were evaluated. For the greenhouse study PVC pots with 16 dm -3 were used, and determinations were made for: N, P and K contents; dry matter yield; root length, surface and radius; N, P and K uptake effi ciency; and root growth rate. Soybean treatments with insecticides and biostimulant led to thinner roots formation, which characterizes plant regulator-like effects. The product aldicarb used in dose applied affects the vigor and germination of seeds. Seed treatment with insecticides and biostimulant does not increase root and plant growth in soybean.

Increased soil organic matter (SOM) improves the cation exchange capacity of tropical weathered soils, and liming is required to achieve high yields in these soils. Despite a decrease in SOM in the short term, liming may increase SOM with time by improving cation chemical bonds with soil colloids. Soil C may also be increased in high dry matter input cropping systems. We evaluated C changes in a Typic Rhodudalf as affected by four production systems with increasing residue inputs, with or without limestone or silicate. Soil use intensification by increasing the number of species in rotation as well as acidity remediation resulted in higher plant residue production. Introducing a green manure or a second crop in the system increased plant residue by 89% over fallow, but when a forage crop was used, plant residues more than doubled. Soil acidity amelioration increased plant residue deposition by 21% over the control. The introduction of a forage crop increased labile SOM and C contents in the particulate fraction, and lime or silicate application led to increases in the more stable SOM fraction. High amounts of plant residues (>70 Mg ha−1 in 5 yr) are effective in raising soil labile C, but the alleviation of soil acidity results in increased soil stable C irrespective of crop rotations in tropical weathered soils, and in this case plant residue deposition can be lower. Lime and silicate are equally effective in alleviating soil acidity and increasing soil C, probably due to the formation of cation bridges with soil colloids.

SUMMARYSilicon (Si) is beneficial to plants in several aspects, but there are doubts about the effectiveness of leaf application. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of Si, applied in a newly developed stabilized silicic acid form to the leaf, on nutrition and yield of irrigated white oat and wheat. Two experiments were performed (one per crop) in winter 2008, in Botucatu-SP, Brazil. A completely randomized block design with 14 replications was used. Treatments consisted of a control (without Si application) and Si leaf spraying, at a rate of 2.0 L ha -1 of the commercial product containing 0.8 % soluble Si. Silicon rate was divided in three parts, i.e. applications at tillering, floral differentiation and booting stages. Silicon leaf application increased N, P, K, and Si concentrations in white oat flag leaf, resulting in higher shoot dry matter, number of panicles per m 2 , number of grains per panicle and grain yield increase of 34 %. In wheat, Si leaf application increased K and Si concentrations, shoot dry matter and number of spikes per m 2 , resulting in a grain yield increase of 26.9 %. Index terms: Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, silicon, mineral nutrition, yield components.(1) Received for publication in August 8, 2011 and approved in July 11, 2012.

SUMMARYThe use of potassium (K) rock powder can be an alternative for K supply of crops. Thus, to reduce K fertilizer imports from abroad, possibilities of extracting this nutrient from Brazilian rocks are being studied. The objective was to evaluate the effect of phonolite rock powder (F2) as K source (Ekosil ® ) on the air-dried fruit yield, nutrition and macronutrient export of Arabica coffee. The experiment was carried out on a dystroferric Red Latosol (Typic Haplorthox), in Piraju, São Paulo State, Brazil, in the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, in a factorial 2 × 3 + 1 arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of two K sources (KCl -58 % of K 2 O and F2 -8.42 % K 2 O) and three rates ½-, 1-, and 2-fold the K 2 O rate recommended for coffee, i.e., 75, 150, and 300 kg ha -1 of K 2 O), plus a control (without K application). Potassium supply increased coffee yield, regardless of the source. Application of source F2 increased coffee yield similarly to KCl at the recommended K rate for coffee (150 kg ha -1 K 2 O), proving efficient as K supply for coffee. Potassium application increased macronutrient export in coffee, especially in the growing season with higher yield.Index terms: Coffea arabica, potassium fertilization, rock powder, agronomic efficiency.(

SUMMARYEspecially under no-tillage, subsuface soil acidity has been a problem, because it depends on base leaching, which has been associated with the presence of low molecular weigth organic acids and companion anions. The objective of this study was to evaluate exchangeable base cation leaching as affected by surface liming along with annual urea side-dressing of maize and upland rice. Treatments consisted of four lime rates (0, 1500, 3000, and 6000 kg ha -1 ) combined with four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha -1 ) applied to maize (Zea mays) and upland rice (Oryza sativa), in two consecutive years. Maize was planted in December, three months after liming. In September of the following year, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) was planted without fertilization and desiccated 86 days after plant emergence. Afterwards, upland rice was grown. Immediately after upland rice harvest, 18 months after surface liming, pH and N-NO 3 -, N-NH 4 + , K, Ca, and Mg levels were evaluated in soil samples taken from the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. Higher maize yields were obtained at higher N rates and 3000 kg ha -1 lime. Better results for upland rice and pearl millet yields were also obtained with this lime rate, irrespective of N levels. The vertical mobility of K, Ca and Mg was higher in the soil profiles with N fertilization. Surface liming increased pH in the upper soil layers causing intense nitrate production, which was leached along with the base cations. [0][1][2][3][4][5][5][6][7][8][9][10][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] para avaliação do pH,

O sistema de semeadura direta e os diferentes sistemas de produção nele adotados podem contribuir para a supressão de plantas infestantes. Em razão disso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o controle de plantas daninhas em função de diferentes sistemas de produção de grãos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: I. Sistema "safra-pousio" - soja/ pousio/milho/pousio/arroz/pousio/soja; II. Sistema "safra-adubo verde" - soja/milheto/ milho/guandu/arroz/crotalária/soja; III. Sistema "safra-safrinha" - soja/aveia-branca/milho/ feijão-da-seca/arroz/mamona/soja; IV. Sistema "safra - forrageira"- soja + braquiária/milho + braquiária/arroz + braquiária/soja. Em novembro de 2009 (após três safras agrícolas), foi realizado o levantamento de plantas daninhas infestantes. Para isso, foi utilizado um quadro (0,3 x 0,3 m), lançado aleatoriamente quatro vezes dentro de cada parcela. As plantas foram identificadas, bem como feita a determinação do número total das espécies invasoras, da massa seca e da porcentagem de controle das espécies de acordo com o sistema de produção. Foi realizada ainda a análise fitossociológica da comunidade de plantas daninhas infestantes. Os sistemas safra-adubo verde, safra-safrinha e safra-forrageira apresentaram bom controle de plantas infestantes quando comparados ao sistema safra-pousio. Portanto, a presença de algum tipo de cobertura é importante para manter as características do solo favorável e um bom controle de plantas invasoras.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de fitomassa e as taxas de decomposição e liberação de macronutrientes e de silício, nos resíduos vegetais de crotalária (Crotalaria juncea) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), em cultivo solteiro e consorciado. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial constituído por três tipos de cobertura vegetal -milheto, crotalária e consórcio entre as espécies -e seis épocas de coleta -0, 18, 32, 46, 74 e 91 dias após o manejo (DAM). O milheto apresenta maior produção de matéria seca e acumula mais N, P, K, Mg, S, C e Si, enquanto a crotalária acumula maior quantidade de Ca. A fitomassa do milheto apresenta as maiores taxas de decomposição e de liberação de nutrientes. Essas taxas são mais intensas entre 0 e 18 DAM. Com o transcorrer do tempo, as relações C/N, C/P e C/S aumentam e a relação C/Si, bem como a taxa de decomposição da fitomassa, diminui. O potássio é o nutriente de liberação mais rápida, e o silício apresenta a menor taxa de liberação.Termos para indexação: Crotalaria juncea, Pennisetum glaucum, fitólitos, meia-vida, relação C/N, taxa de decomposição. Production, decomposition and nutrient cycling in residues of sunnhemp and pearl millet in monocropped and intercropped systemsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the biomass production and the rates of decomposition and macronutrient and silicon release on crop residues of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), in monocropped and intercropped systems. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replicates in a factorial arrangement consisting of three cover crops -pearl millet, sunnhemp, and these species intercropped -and six sampling times -0, 18, 32, 46, 74, and 91 days after management (DAM). Pearl millet produces a greater amount of dry matter and accumulates more N, P, K, Mg, S, C, and Si, whereas sunnhemp accumulates more Ca. Pearl millet phytomass has the highest rates of decomposition and nutrient release. These rates are higher between 0 and 18 DAM. Over the time, the C/N, C/P and C/S ratios increase, and the C/Si ratio, as well as the decomposition rate, decreases. Potassium is the most rapidly released nutrient, and silicon has the lowest release rate.Index terms: Crotalaria juncea, Pennisetum glaucum, phytoliths, half-life, C/N ratio, decomposition rate. IntroduçãoPara a sustentabilidade do sistema plantio direto, especialmente nas regiões tropicais, é indispensável que a palhada seja mantida sobre a superfície do solo de forma permanente. Contudo, em regiões tropicais, o inverno quente e seco e o verão quente e chuvoso limitam o cultivo de culturas anuais, na entressafra, e aceleram a decomposição da cobertura vegetal do solo (Pacheco et al., 2011a(Pacheco et al., , 2011b. Nessas condições de clima, as características mais importantes nas plantas de cobertura do solo são a quantidade e a durabilidade da fitomassa produzida (Boer et al., 2008;Leite et al., 2010), bem como a sua capacidade de c...