Nursing staff can assess residents on the competencies of interpersonal and communication skills and professionalism. These evaluations provide different perceptions of residents' behavior, which can be useful for formative feedback in residents' development.

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The science of linguistics contributes to the study of cultural diversity and the education of exceptional children. Language is a system of vocal sounds; it is systematic and symbolic; it is in a state of constant change. The ability to learn language (but not the specifics of any particular language) is innate in humans, and all languages and their variations are equally good. The role of linguistics in the educational assessment of culturally different children is emphasized. The linguistic and cultural bias of IQ tests, as well as the role of adaptive behavior and community acceptance in minority groups are discussed. Note is made of the difficulty of identifying gifted children who are culturally different.

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Los contenidos de este artículo están bajo una licencia Creative Commons

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Reviews 105a number of areas of classroom research. The second chapter explores the relationship between behaviorism and ILA. The next chapter reviews naturalistic theories of language learning and their relation to ILA. Approaches (the "cognitive anti-method" and the "cognitive code method") are discussed, leading in to a survey of SLA studies and interlanguage theory.Chapter 4 reviews SL classroom process research-its historical development, research methodology, findings, and a comparison of classroom and natural discourse. Chapter 5 summarizes studies of classroom interaction and language learning, reviewing seven representative hypotheses relating communication to language acquisition. Chapter 6 considers the effects of formal instruction on language learning: the rate and level of acquisition, the process of acquisition, and the overall effect of instruction.Chapter 7 presents a model of learning for SLI, relating form-and meaning-focused instruction to two memory stores, one for explicit and one for implicit knowledge. The book concludes with a plea for more research combining different data collection procedures and combining both hypothesis-forming and hypothesis-testing approaches.Much of this book is very useful. One weakness, however, is the author's use of several apparently arbitrary classifications: Behaviorism is excluded from the chapter on naturalistic learning, although behaviorism is a model for natural learning; in chapter 3, studies of learner language are categorized as "error analysis," "performance analysis," and "form-function analysis," although all are really a type of performance analysis; interlanguage theory is introduced only after discussion of these approaches-as though it arose from them instead of alongside them; in chapter 5, there are inevitable problems in grouping the seven hypotheses.Some areas receive scant discussion, for instance, the brief account of insights from LI acquisition in chapter 3. Moreover, there is no space for discussion of individual differences between learners. There are problems in the distinction between formal instruction and formfocused instruction, and in the definitions of form-and meaning-focused instruction and of "implicit" and "explicit" knowledge. This is important since the distinctions are fundamental to Ellis's integrated theory.Misprints occur (some in the bibliography and in a subtitle) as well as mistakes in the typeface of headings (and the distinction between headings and subheadings is, in any case, often unclear). The greatest disappointment is the way in which the book leads the reader away from instructional settings and from a hypothesis-testing stance. Perhaps the author's preference for a research-then-theory approach does him a disservice here: His interpretation of the literature closes in on itself rather than linking back to instruction. A theory-then-research perspective might have produced a more learner-oriented exploration.In spite of excellent passages, the book sadly illustrates the limited help that research current...