This chapter discusses the geographical distribution of basal stem rot (BSR; caused by Ganoderma spp.) of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), the symptoms of BSR disease, economic importance, epidemiology (mycelium contact and Ganoderma basidiospores), predisposition factors associated with BSR disease (e.g. age of oil palm, previous crops, soil type, nutrient status and planting technique), early detection of BSR, and management strategies for BSR (including cultural, chemical and biological control).
Previous experiments in the Australian tropics have observed a 'slowdown' in biomass accumulation in mature sugarcane crops. By installing scaffolding to prevent lodging, we eliminated the growth 'slowdown' in 3 experiments to confirm that lodging and stalk death are part of the explanation. In both the wet and dry (irrigated) tropics, lodging of sugarcane significantly decreased both fresh cane yield and commercial cane sugar content (CCS). Prevention of lodging increased cane yield by 11–15%, CCS by 3–12%, and sugar yield by 15–35% at the final harvest in August–September. The rate of increase in CCS in lodged cane was reduced following lodging, although CCS had partially recovered by harvest.A possible component of the lodging effect is a slowdown in the growth due to the ageing of the crop. However, a younger crop (late crop treatment) grew no faster than the scaffolded treatment and so discounted this. In the dry tropics, where cane is irrigated and grows under high radiation, sugar yield was 40 t/ha with scaffolding installed. The increased yield (compared with 35 t/ha in lodged cane) was due to both the survival of an extra 0.8 stalks/m2 and increased accumulation of sugar in live stalks. In 2 years in the wet tropics where sugar yield with scaffolding was 16 t/ha, the same factors, with the addition of increased biomass accumulation in live stalks, were responsible for the increase.
sheet no. and rev.) CanmlNoid 0 (See Block 13a) N/A N/A 0 Yes (fill out Elk. 12b) 2a. Modification Work 12b. Work Package No. N/A N/A * N /A 12c. Modification Work Completed 12d. Restored to Ori inal Condition (Temp. or Standby EC& only) Design AuthorityICo Engineer Signature 8 Design AuthorityICo Engineer Signature 8 o NA Blks. 1% ' 12c, 12d) Bate Bete 3a. Description of Change 1 % Design Baseline Document? Yes 0 No Jpdate to the Fire Hazard Analysis (FHA) SNF-4268 Rev 0. G S To account for higher allowable temperatures of safety class equipment. Update the analysis to incorporate completed construction. Add operation procedures and training. Update status of recommendations.
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