Background/aim: The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the effectiveness of oral iron therapy in breath-holding spells and evaluation of electrocardiographical changes. Materials and methods: Three hundred twelve children aged 1-48 months and diagnosed with breath-holding spells between January 2017 and April 2018 were included. Patients' laboratory findings were compared with 100 patients who had one simple febrile seizure. Results: Cyanotic breath-holding spells were diagnosed in 85.3% (n = 266) of patients, pallid spells in 5.1% (n = 16), and mixed-type spells in 9.6% (n = 30). Sleep electroencephalograms were applied for all patients, 98.2% (n = 306) of which were normal, while slow background rhythm was determined in 1.2% (n = 4). Epileptic activity was observed in only 2 patients (0.6%). The mean hemoglobin (Hb) value in the breathholding spell group was 10.1 mg/dL. Patients' mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 73 fL. Patients' Hb and MCV values were statistically significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.001). The difference between spell burden was not statistically significant (P = 0.691). Spell burden decreased equally in both groups. Conclusion: Oral iron therapy can be administered in breath-holding seizures irrespective of whether or not the patient is anemic.

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Children with chronic neurological diseases,including cerebral palsy(CP)are especially susceptible to vaccine-preventable infections and face an increased risk of severe respiratory infections and decompensation of their disease.This study aims to examine age-appropriate immunization status and related factors in the CP population of our country. This cross-sectional prospective multicentered survey study included 18 pediatric neurology clinics around Turkey,wherein outpatients children with CP were included in the study.Data on patient and CP characteristics,concomitant disorders as well as vaccination status included in the National Immunization Program(NIP),administration and recommendation of in uenza vaccine were collected at a single visit.A total of 1194 patients were enrolled.Regarding immunization records,the most frequently administrated and schedule completed vaccines were BCG(90.8%),hepatitis B(88.9%)and oral poliovirus vaccine (88.5%).MMR was administered to 77.3% and DTaP-IPV-HiB was administered to 60.5% of patients.For the pneumococcal vaccines,54.1% of children had received PCV in the scope of the NIP, and 15.2% of children were not fully vaccinated for their age.The in uenza vaccine, was administered only to 3.4% of the patients at any time and had never been recommended to 1122 parents(93.9%).In the patients with severe(grade 4 and 5)motor dysfunction,the frequency of incomplete/none vaccination of hepatitis B,BCG, DTaP-IPV-HiB,OPV,MMR were statistically more common than mild to moderate(grade 1-3)motor dysfunction(p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.00, and p < 0.001, respectively).In uenza vaccine recommendation by physicians was higher in the severe motor dysfunction group and the difference was statistically signi cant(p = 0.029).Children with CP had lower immunization rates and incomplete immunization programs.Clinicians must ensure children with CP receive the same preventative health measures as healthy children,including vaccines.

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Background: Asymtomatic santral nervous system disorder is frequently found in patients with diabetes. Neurophysiological tests were found to be objective and sensitive tool for detecting subclinical optic nerve and CNS disorders. Objectives: Our aim is to evaluate of the central nerve conduction changes using visual evoked potentials (VEP) and to demonstrate the effects of various risk factors on VEP parameters in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods: Sixty children aged between 6 and 18 years and followed-up with a diagnosis of T1DM were enrolled in the study. Thirty healthy, age-matched children were enrolled as the control group. All patients and controls underwent the pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (PRVEP) test. Patients' HbA1c values, age, sex and duration of disease were evaluated from their hospital files. Results: Both right and left VEP latencies were significantly longer in the diabetic group than in the control group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). The mean duration of T1DM in the patient group was 5.5 years (min: 1 -max: 15). There was a positive correlation between longer VEP latency values and duration of DM, with coefficients of 0.49 for the right eye and 0.513 for the left eye (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions:We found that optic nerve conduction diminished significantly in children with T1DM. Visual evoked potential datas showed a significant prolongation of the latency of P-100. We recommend that all diabetic children be scanned with neurophysiological tests such as PRVEP for optic neuropathy.