This research used an Implicit Racial Bias Test to investigate implicit racial biases among 3- to 5-year-olds and adult participants in China (N = 213) and Cameroon (N = 257). In both cultures, participants displayed high levels of racial biases that remained stable between 3 and 5 years of age. Unlike adults, young children's implicit racial biases were unaffected by the social status of the other-race groups. Also, unlike adults, young children displayed overt explicit racial biases, and these biases were dissociated from their implicit biases. The results provide strong evidence for the early emergence of implicit racial biases and point to the need to reduce them in early childhood.

Stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha, a member of the chemokine CXC subfamily, plays an important role in regulation of a variety of cellular functions of endothelial progenitor cells such as cell migration, proliferation, survival and angiogenesis. However, there is relatively little information linking the cellular functions and individual signaling pathways mediated by SDF-1alpha in endothelial progenitor cells. In our study, we showed that endothelial progenitor cells expressed CXCR4 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometric analysis. Functional analysis showed that SDF-1alpha induced a concentration-dependent migration of endothelial progenitor cells and the migration was CXCR4 dependent as confirmed by the total inhibition by AMD3100, a CXCR4-specific peptide antagonist. The migration can also be nearly completely blocked by phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors (LY294002 and wortmannin) and eNOS inhibitor (N-nitro-arginine methyl ester), whereas mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK inhibitor (PD98059) had no significant effect on SDF-1alpha-induced migration. The treatment of endothelial progenitor cells with SDF-1alpha resulted in time and concentration-dependent Akt, eNOS, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These findings suggested that phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS, but not mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK, signal transduction pathway may be involved in SDF-1alpha mediated migration of endothelial progenitor cells.

Bayer AG.

After a median follow-up of 7.8 years, permanent RV apical pacing was associated with HF in 26% of patients. Elderly age at the time of implant, a wider paced QRS duration and the presence of CAD independently predicted new-onset HF. More importantly, HF after RV apical pacing was associated with a higher cardiovascular mortality.

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While there has been extensive research on children's moral knowledge about lying and truthtelling and their actual lie-or truth-telling behaviors, research to examine the relationship between the 2 is extremely rare. This study examined one hundred and twenty 7-, 9-, and 11-year-olds' moral understanding of lies and their actual lying behaviors in a politeness situation. Results revealed that as age increased, children increasingly evaluated others' lying in politeness situations less negatively and were more inclined to tell lies in such situations themselves. Contrary to previous findings, children's socio-moral knowledge about lying was significantly related to their actual behaviors particularly when children's rationales underlying their moral judgments were consistent with their motives for actual lie-or truth-telling in the politeness situation. Lying and Truth-Telling in Children: From Concept to ActionLying is a common social phenomenon. It occurs regularly in various social contexts for a multitude of purposes. For children, there are two types of lies that are of great importance during their socialization. One type is the lies that violate moral rules as they are typically told to benefit oneself at the expense of others. Due to the anti-social nature of this type of lie, it is universally discouraged by children's caregivers and teachers from a very early age. The other type of lies are lies that are told with an intention to help, not harm, another individual (e.g., faking liking an undesirable gift in front of a gift-giver) and are thus prosocial in nature. Although philosophers and theologians have long debated about whether prosocial lies should be morally sanctioned (Bok, 1978), in everyday practice, such lies are told frequently (DePaulo & Bell, 1996;DePaulo & Kashy, 1998), and often entail positive values (Nyberg, 1993). Some theorists such as Sweetser (1987) have even suggested that in some situations prosocial lies are not only socially acceptable but also are not lies at all.There has been extensive research on the development of lying which dates back to the beginning of developmental psychology (e.g., Binet, 1896;Darwin, 1877;Piaget, 1932). This longstanding interest in this topic is due to the fact that lying can serve as a window into many aspects of children's developing minds, for example, intelligence (Binet, 1896;Lewis, 1993), theory of mind (Chandler, Fritz, & Hala, 1989;Leekam, 1993;Peskin, 1992;Peterson, 1995;Peterson, Peterson, & Seeto, 1983;Polak & Harris, 1999;Sodian, 1991, Talwar, Gordon, & Lee, 2007), moral understanding (Piaget, 1932 (Hartshorne & May, 1928), and children's competence as witnesses in the courts of law (Goodman et al., 2006;Lyon, 2000;Strichartz & Burton, 1990;Talwar, Lee, Bala & Lindsay, 2002; for a review, see Lee, 2000). Research on Antisocial LyingTo date, most studies have focused on the development of antisocial lies and can be divided into two major streams. One stream investigates children's conceptions and moral judgments of antisocial li...

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This study examined cross-cultural differences and similarities in children's moral understanding of individual-or collective-oriented lies and truths. Seven-, 9-, and 11-year-old Canadian and Chinese children were read stories about story characters facing moral dilemmas about whether to lie or tell the truth to help a group but harm an individual or vice versa. Participants chose to lie or to tell the truth as if they were the character (Experiments 1 and 2) and categorized and evaluated the story characters' truthful and untruthful statements (Experiments 3 and 4). Most children in both cultures labeled lies as lies and truths as truths. The major cultural differences lay in choices and moral evaluations. Chinese children chose lying to help a collective but harm an individual, and they rated it less negatively than lying with opposite consequences. Chinese children rated truth telling to help an individual but harm a group less positively than the alternative. Canadian children did the opposite. These findings suggest that cross-cultural differences in emphasis on groups versus individuals affect children's choices and moral judgments about truth and deception.Keywords cross-cultural; deception; individualism; collectivism; moral development Children around the world are socialized to adhere to the moral and social value systems of their culture and to do what is seen as right and not what is considered wrong. In many cases, the values of a culture are consistent with each other. They promote a coherent set of morally and socially acceptable behaviors. However, it is not unusual that in some situations certain cultural values collide with each other, and in such a circumstance, a moral-social dilemma Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kang Lee, Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, 45 Walmer Road, Toronto, Ontario M5R 2X2, Canada, or to Genyue Fu, School of Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. E-mail: kang.lee@utoronto.ca or fugy@zjnu.cn. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript might arise. One such dilemma is whether to tell a lie that may help a group or an individual or to speak the truth that might have the opposite effect.The question of what a lie is and whether it is wrong to lie has been a subject of intense debate among Western philosophers and theologians throughout history. There are numerous schools of thought on the issue that generally fall on a continuum. At one extreme, philosophers such as St. Augustine (1952), Kant (1949), andBok (1978) assumed that lying necessarily involves a speaker who knowingly makes a false statement with the intent to deceive. As long as a statement fits this description, it is a lie regardless of the context in which it is uttered. Also, these theorists held a deontological view of the moral implication of lying: Lying is intrinsically wrong and has a constant disvalue regardless of context. Lies must under all but the mo...