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Limited data about the effects of various factors on forage quality and β-carotene content of rye produced in Korea are available, so this study investigated the effects of two preservation methods. Samples were collected from rye harvested every 5 days between April 25 and May 31, and comparisons were done among rye silage wilted for different periods of time and hay of three growth stages of rye. For the silage, dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents increased with advanced maturity of rye, whereas crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), total digestible nutrients (TDN), relative feed value (RFV), and DM loss decreased ( p < 0.0001). Wilting increased the DM content and pH value significantly ( p < 0.0001). Silage harvested at the heading stage had the lowest pH value (4.45), propionic acid (0.83 g/kg DM), butyric acid (0 g/kg DM), and fungi and yeast populations (3.70 Log CFU/g of fresh matter [FM]); conversely, it had the highest lactic acid (9.7 g/kg DM), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (6.87 Log CFU/g of FM), total microorganisms (TM) (7.33 Log CFU/g of FM), and Flieg’s score (70) ( p < 0.0001). Wilting elevated LAB and TM populations, but it had no consistent effect on other fermentation products. Both delayed harvest and prolonged wilting decreased β-carotene content. Rye silage harvested around May 9 (heading stage) with 24 h of wilting was preferred for highland, Pyeongchang. For rye hay, advanced maturity decreased DM loss, IVDMD, TDN, and RFV, but it increased DM, ADF, and NDF significantly ( p < 0.05). β-carotene was decreased by delay of hay-making. Consequently, to attain lower DM loss and higher hay quality, the harvest date of May 9 (heading stage) is recommended.

Competing interestsNo potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Funding sourcesState funding sources (grants, funding sources, equipment, and supplies). Include name and number of grant if available.This study was supported by a research project on the public welfare industry (Agriculture) from the Ministry of Agriculture of China (Grant number. 201503134).

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To expand the use of whole crop rice (WCR), accurate information on the nutritional value of newly developed varieties is required. We cultivated three new WCR varieties (Oryza sativa cv. Suweon 605, Yeongwoo and Mogwoo) developed by the National Institute of Crop Science in the southern Korean Peninsula and evaluated their feed value (crude protein, CP; acid detergent fiber, ADF; neutral detergent fiber, NDF; in vitro dry matter digestibility, IVDMD; total digestible nutrients, TDN; and relative feed value, RFV) and functional materials (β‐carotene and α‐tocopherol). Oryza sativa cv. Suweon 605 showed the earliest heading date and Yeongwoo the highest dry matter (DM) yield; however, there were no significant differences among varieties (p > 0.05) in DM yield. The CP content was highest in Mogwoo, and higher in leaves and grains than in stems. Oryza sativa cv. Suweon 605 had the lowest ADF and NDF contents but the highest TDN and RFV. The grain nutrient value changed drastically in all varieties by 10 days after heading. The grain ratio was highest in Oryza sativa cv. Suweon 605 at 65.6% and lowest in Mogwoo at 12.3%. The leaf β‐carotene content was 7–15 times higher than that in stems and grains, and this increase was higher in Yeongwoo (66.25 mg/kg) than those of all other measured objectives in this experiment (p < 0.05). Similar trends were observed in α‐tocopherol content. Based on these results, Oryza sativa cv. Suweon 605 is recommended in terms of feed value and Yeongwoo is recommended for its high productivity. Because the feed value changed rapidly by 10 days after heading, it is desirable to ensure a later harvest time. The effects of functional materials on livestock performance require further study.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of wilting and microbial inoculant treatment on the fermentation pattern and quality of Italian ryegrass silage.Methods: Italian ryegrass was harvested at heading stage and ensiled into vinyl bags (20 cm×30 cm) for 60d. Italian ryegrass was ensiled with 4 treatments (NWNA, no-wilting noadditive; NWA, no-wilting with additive; WNA, wilting no-additive; WA, wilting with additive) in 3 replications, wilting time was 5 hours and additives were treated with 10⁶ cfu/g of <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i>. The silages samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 days after ensiling and analyzed for the ensiling quality and characteristics of fermentation patterns.Results: Wilting treatment resulted in lower crude protein and <i>in vitro</i> dry matter digestibility and there were no significant differences in acid detergent fiber (ADF), total digestible nutrient (TDN), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), ammonia content, and pH (p>0.05). However, wilting treatment resulted in higher ADF and neutral detergent fiber content of Italian ryegrass silage (p<0.05), and the WNA treatment showed the lowest TDN and <i>in vitro</i> dry matter digestibility. The pH of the silage was higher in the wilting group (WNA and WA) and lower in the additive treatment group. Meanwhile, the decrease in pH occurred sharply between the 3-5th day of storage. The ammonia nitrogen content was significantly lower in the additive treatment (p<0.05), and wilting had no effect. As fermentation progressed, the lactic and acetic acid contents were increased and showed the highest content at 30 days of storage.Conclusion: The wilting treatment did not significantly improve the silage fermentation, but the inoculant treatment improved the fermentation patterns and quality of the silage. So, inoculation before ensiling is recommended when preparing high quality of Italian ryegrass silage, and when wilting, it is recommended to combine inoculation for making high quality silage.

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