Aspects of recent behavioral and cognitive theories of depression were evaluated. Social-skill concepts were conceived as involving two component processes, termed receptive and expressive communication, and >the ability of depressed subjects to engage in these behaviors was studied within a nonverbal communication paradigm. Three groups of 10 females-depressed, psychiatric control, and normal control-had their facial expressions videotaped while exposed to a differential classical conditioning procedure, with pictorial stimuli following one conditional stimulus (CS), auditory stimuli following a second CS, and a neutral event following a third CS. In a second session, the subjects observed the videotapes of other subjects, one from each diagnostic group, and judged which type of conditioning trial the observed subject was undergoing, in addition to predicting their anticipated performance prior to each set of judgments. The results indicated that the depressed subjects were the most difficult to judge correctly; this deficit did not seem to be attributable to idiosyncratic response predispositions on the part of the depressives. This finding was interpreted as consistent with Lewinsohn's theory. Predictions of performance did not differ significantly between groups, failing to support one aspect of Beck's theory. For all groups, changes in the subjects' ratings of their anticipated performance were highly correlated with the discrepancy between predicted and actual performance on previous trials. This finding was contrary to a prediction derived from Seligman's model of depression.
The present study compares the self-reported personality characteristics of heroin addict and nonaddict prisoners using the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS) which was corrected for social desirability. Seventy pairs of addicted and nonaddicted criminal offenders were matched for age, education, intelligence, and home environment. The addicted offenders were identified by the pattern of their response to the EPPS as reflected by the significant multivariate results. In addition, significant univariate differences consistent with those previously reported were found. Addicted criminals had stronger succorance, heterosexuality, and aggression needs and less abasement and endurance needs than nonaddicted offenders. Age, educational achievment, intelligence,and home environment had little influence on the prisoners' response to this self-report personality inventory.
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