Nonverbal communication deficits and response to performance feedback in depression.

Prkachin, Kenneth M.; Craig, Kenneth D.; Papageorgis, Demetrios; Reith, Gunther

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.86.3.224

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Social punishers depress people's moods more dramatically than does any other class of punishers (Lewinsohn & Amenson, Note 1). The social impairments suffered by depressed people (Coyne, 1976;Libet & Lewinsohn, 1973;Prkachin et al, 1977;Weissman et al, 1971) are consistent with these findings.…”

Section: Impact Evidencesupporting

confidence: 80%

Motivational deficit in depression: People's expectations × outcomes' impacts

Layne

1980

J. Clin. Psychol.

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Concludes that depression consists of low reward motivation and high punisher motivation. The argument is as follows: Clinical observation and research agree that depression is primarily a motivational deficit. Learning theories agree that motivation consists of both the organism's expectations and the outcome's impact (value or aversiveness), i. e., motivation = expectation × impact. Popular theories and research agree that depressed people's expectations and their impacts differ from those of nondepressed people. Depressed people often expect few rewards and many punishers, and the impact of rewards is low while that of punishers is high. By substituting known expectancies and impacts into the motivational equation, it becomes clear that depressed people suffer a motivational deficit. A specific deduction is that depressed people exhibit their most severe motivational deficits in ambiguous social situations. This deduction generates the hypothesis that in ambiguous social situations, depressed people should engage in few instrumental, operant behaviors, but many escape and avoidance behaviors.

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Section: Impact Evidencesupporting

confidence: 80%

Motivational deficit in depression: People's expectations × outcomes' impacts

Layne

1980

J. Clin. Psychol.

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“…Consistent associations have been found between emotional communication, empathy [76] , and depression (which yields a reverse relationship [77,78]). Such expressive ability is less clearly related to non-affective domains.…”

Section: Appraisal and Expression Of Emotion Emotion In The Selfmentioning

confidence: 63%

Emotional Intelligence

Salovey

Mayer

1990

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

7,555

4,543

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This article presents a framework for emotional intelligence, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in one's life. We start by reviewing the debate about the adaptive versus maladaptive qualities of emotion. We then explore the literature on intelligence, and especially social intelligence, to examine the place of emotion in traditional intelligence conceptions. A framework for integrating the research on emotion-related skills is then described. Next, we review the components of emotional intelligence. To conclude the review, the role of emotional intelligence in mental health is discussed and avenues for further investigation are suggested.

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“…For example, depression, a low-energy display of emotion, has been correlated with low accuracy in its transmission to others, that is, others did not understand the subject was depressed (Prkachin et al, 1977;Gerson & Perlman, 1979). Extroversion, in contrast, which is very similar to highly energetic positive emotion, has been linked to greater accuracy of transmission to others: people understood the type of emotion being conveyed (Buck, 1984: 195).…”

Section: Factors In Emotional Contagionmentioning

confidence: 99%