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Background: The placenta is a functional unit between the mother and the fetus. Placental coefficient is a method to correlate the weight of a baby and the placenta. Any pathological events that concern the mother and the fetus tend to influence the normal function of the placenta as revealed in different studies by many authors. Aim:The aim of the study was to examine and assess placental coefficient of the normal placenta and also in pathological conditions which included diabetes mellitus, anaemia and hypertension. Materials and Methods: The freshly delivered placentas for this study were obtained from department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Tribhuvan Hospital Teaching Hospital. The study was conducted on a total of 100 freshly obtained placenta, out of them, 15 were from diabetic mothers, 15 from anaemic mothers and 15 from hypertensive mothers. The placental coefficient was obtained by dividing placental weight in grams by birth weight in grams. Results: The mean weight of placenta was 546.9 ± of 81.38 gm. The mean neonatal weight was 3.00±0.4kg. The result shows statistically significant difference between weight of placenta (p=0.001) and placental coefficient (p=0.001) of anemic and non-anemic mothers. Similarly statistically significant difference was obtained between weight of placenta (P=0.003) and neonatal weight in diabetic (P=0.016) and non diabetic. Statistically significant difference was not observed in hypertensive and normotensive placenta. Conclusion: Findings of the study shows the assessment of placenta very much essential as normal pregnancies can also show significant placental changes. Systemic illness alters the placental morphology and adequate treatment of systemic illness may therefore be necessary to normal placental function.

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Backgrounds: Renal arteries are two large blood vessels branching laterally from the abdominal aorta just below the superior mesenteric artery. The arteries vary in their level of origin and caliber, obliquity and precise relations. Each renal artery is about 6-8mm diameter. There is a varying characteristic of these arteries owing to their different course. The aim of the study was to study the variation in the formation of renal artery with its branching pattern using CT Angiography.  Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Radiology at Chitwan Medical College after obtaining ethical approval CMC-IRC. CT Angiogram was studied in 17 individuals who attended radiology department for angiography for different suspected abdominal and renal pathology. Results: Analyzing the result of the angiography we found the usual branching pattern of renal artery in 70.58% of the individual, with variations in remaining 29.42%. On studying the number of arteries supplying kidney, artery draining directly to hilum i.e. accessory renal artery was 2.95%. We found the average length of right renal artery ranged between 3.5cm to 6.0cm.   Conclusions: The variations on this large lateral branch of abdominal aorta are common. Surgeons should exclude the possibility of presence of accessory and aberrant renal arteries obstruction prior to the surgical procedure. The awareness about the presence of such variations is important from the academic, surgical and radiological aspect.

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Introduction: The asterion is important bony landmark of skull important for surgical approach to the posterior cranial fossa. The variation is type of asterion is due to presence or absence of lambdoidal suture, parietomastoid suture and occipitomastoid suture. Asterion is starry or triangular depression located 2.5cm behind the upper part of root of ear. Asterion is meeting point of lambdoidal suture, parietomastoid suture and occipitomastoid suture. Materials and Methods: Altogether 26 dry adult human skulls were collected from Department of Anatomy at School of Basic Sciences in Chitwan Medical College for research. Gender and ethnicity were undefined. All damaged skull and newborns are excluded. Both sides of skull were studied for location and type of asterion. The types of asterion were noted by observing the presence or absence of all three sutures. Photograph were taken and studied. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 17. Results: Twenty-six human skulls of unknown gender were examined. Two types of asterion were observed. The type I asterion was 88.5 percent and type II asterion was 11.5 percent on both side of skull. Conclusion: we believe that there are different types of asterion present in human skull. Asterion is the important surgical landmark. Thereby, the finding may be helpful in surgical approach and intervention.

Background: The styloid process of the temporal bone is clinically significant because differences in length and angulations are linked to the symptoms of stylalgia (Eagle’s syndrome), and surgical removal of the process can help patients with neck and cervico-facial pain. This study aimed to evaluate the length, angulation and distance between bases and tips of the styloid process. Methods: A Hospital based cross-sectional study using observation method was carried out in Department of radiology Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal from 17th September 2021 to 16th November 2021. A total of 107 patients were enrolled as a sample for the study. The length, distance and angulation were measured during routine 3D Multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT). Obtained data was evaluated by using descriptive statistics with Statistical Package for the social Science (IBM SPSS) 20.0. Results: Among 107 patients undergoing Computed Tomography (CT) scan, majority i.e 71% have medial angulation of styloid process, 16.80% participants have elongated styloid process on left side and 17.80 % participants have elongated styloid process on right side. Mann Whitney U Test showed that tip to tip and base to base distance are statistically significant between male and female. Conclusions: The styloid process is in close proximity to a number of essential anatomical structures. Because of differences in the shape of the styloid process, these structures may be compressed or inflamed. Even though the existence of an elongated styloid process and its angulation is uncommon, it emphasizes the need of examining the styloid process on a regular basis in clinical practice.

Background The median artery (transitory artery) represents the forearm’s embryonic arterial axis. At 8th week of gestation retreats into a little canal that supplies the median nerve. Later, ulnar and radial arteries take its place. Adults may still have it in either a palmar or an antebrachial pattern. The persistent median arteries are a long, angular arterial that extends to the hand’s palmar surface. The median artery only partially recedes in the antebrachial type. Objective To identify the median artery distribution in the adult Nepalese population. Method Twenty-five adult human cadavers’ left and right upper limbs undergone to descriptive research. The persistent median artery was exposed according to the Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy. Result The forearm and hand arteries in each of the fifty upper limbs from the twenty-five formalin-embalmed human cadavers were studied. Among fifty upper limbs, persistent median arteries were found in six (twelve percent) of them. One percent of a cadaver’s right and left limbs had bilateral persisting median arteries (ante brachial). Persistent median artery of the ante brachial type that arises from the anterior interosseous artery in a right upper limb. Persistent median artery emerging from the posterior interosseous arteries were visible in one right upper limb. Conclusion The study showed persistent median artery of ante brachial type. The posterior interosseus artery is the source of the majority of antebrachial type. A median artery piercing the median nerve was discovered.