No abstract

Cell division in bacteria is carried out by an elaborate molecular machine composed of more than a dozen proteins and known as the divisome. Here we describe the characterization of a new divisome protein in Bacillus subtilis called YpsB. Sequence comparisons and phylogentic analysis demonstrated that YpsB is a paralog of the division site selection protein DivIVA. YpsB is present in several gram-positive bacteria and likely originated from the duplication of a DivIVA-like gene in the last common ancestor of bacteria of the orders Bacillales and Lactobacillales. We used green fluorescent protein microscopy to determine that YpsB localizes to the divisome. Similarly to that for DivIVA, the recruitment of YpsB to the divisome requires late division proteins and occurs significantly after Z-ring formation. In contrast to DivIVA, however, YpsB is not retained at the newly formed cell poles after septation. Deletion analysis suggests that the N terminus of YpsB is required to target the protein to the divisome. The high similarity between the N termini of YpsB and DivIVA suggests that the same region is involved in the targeting of DivIVA. YpsB is not essential for septum formation and does not appear to play a role in septum positioning. However, a ypsB deletion has a synthetic effect when combined with a mutation in the cell division gene ftsA. Thus, we conclude that YpsB is a novel B. subtilis cell division protein whose function has diverged from that of its paralog DivIVA.

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During 2014–2016, we conducted mosquito-based Zika virus surveillance in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Results suggest that Zika virus was probably introduced into the area during May–November 2013 via multiple in-country sources. Furthermore, our results strengthen the hypothesis that Zika virus in the Americas originated in Brazil during October 2012–May 2013.

The Asian/American genotype of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) has been introduced in Brazil through the state of Rio de Janeiro around 1990, and since then it has been spreading and evolving, leading to several waves of dengue epidemics throughout the country that cause a major public health problem. Of particular interest has been the epidemic of 2008, whose highest impact was evidenced in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with a higher number of severe cases and mortality rate, compared to previous outbreaks. Interestingly, no circulation of DENV-2 was witnessed in this region during the preceding 9-year period. By early 2010, phylogenetic analysis of the 2008 epidemic strain revealed that the outbreak was caused by a new viral lineage of the Asian/American genotype, which was pointed as responsible for the outbreak severity as well. The same scenario is repeating in 2019 in this state; however, only a few cases have been detected yet. To provide information that helps to the understanding of DENV-2 dynamics in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and thereafter contribute to public health control and prevention actions, we employed phylogenetic studies combined with temporal and dynamics geographical features to determine the origin of the current viral strain. To this effect, we analyzed a region of 1626 nucleotides entailing the Envelope/NS1 viral genes. Our study reveals that the current strain belongs to the same lineage that caused the 2008 outbreak, however, it is phylogenetically distant from any Brazilian strain identified so far. Indeed, it seemed to be originated in Puerto Rico around 2002 and has been introduced into the state in late 2018. Taking into account that no DENV-2 case was reported over the last decade in the state (representing a whole susceptible children generation), and the fact that a new viral strain may be causing current dengue infections, these results will be influential in strengthening dengue surveillance and disease control, mitigating the potential epidemiological consequences of virus spread.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is one of the most challenging re-emergent diseases caused by a virus, and with no specific antiviral treatment it has now become a major public health concern. In this investigation, 25 blood samples were collected from patients with characteristic CHIKV symptoms and submitted to a virus isolation protocol, which detected 3 CHIKV isolates. These samples were evaluated by sequencing for the characterization of the strains and any homology to viruses circulating in Brazil during a recent outbreak. These viruses were used for the development of antiviral assays. Subsequently, the inhibitory effects of seaweed extracts on CHIKV replication were studied. The marine species of algae tested were Bryothamnion triquetrum, Caulerpa racemosa, Laurencia dendroidea, Osmundaria obtusiloba, Ulva fasciata, and Kappaphycus alvarezii, all of which are found in different countries including Brazil. The results revealed high levels of CHIKV inhibition, including extracts of O. obtusiloba with inhibition values of 1.25 μg/mL and a selectivity index of 420. Viral inhibition was dependent on the time of addition of extract of O. obtusiloba to the infected cells, with the optimal inhibition occurring up to 16 h after infection. Neuron evaluations with O. obtusiloba were performed and demonstrated low toxicity, and in infected neurons we observed high inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the algal extracts may be promising novel candidates for the development of therapeutic agents against CHIKV infections.

Bacillus subtilis division begins through the formation of a multiprotein complex, the divisome, at the site of division. FtsZ is the earliest known protein to localize to the future division site where the protein forms a ring-like structure (Z-ring) that extends around the circumference of the cell. The Z-ring functions as a scaffold and recruits about fifteen other division proteins that compose the divisome. In this work, we used quantitative and qualitative methods of vital fluorescence microscopy to study two questions that have not been elucidated about the divisome dynamics. The first is how divisome is assembled. To address that problem, we made co-localization between Z-ring (FtsZ-mCherry) and proteins ZapA, EzrA, FtsW, FtsL, YpsB, DivIVA, and MinC fused to GFP. Higher is the match between GFP fusions to Z-ring, earlier is the assembly of division proteins to divisome. Therefore, the co-localization frequency between Z ring and divisome proteins will allow us to deduce the assemble kinetics of the divisome. This assays showed a co-localization frequency of 97,33% for ZapA; 98,31% for EzrA; 83,90 for FtsW; 78,43% for FtsL; 50% for YpsB; 41,7% for DivIVA and 31,64% for MinC. This data suggests that the divisome does not assemble in two but in three steps. ZapA and EzrA assemble into the divisome immediately after Z ring formation, secondly FtsW and FtsL were recruited to the divisome, and finally YpsB, DivIVA, MinC associated with the divisome. The second question that we investigated in this work is the mechanism responsible for change the divisome position that occurs during sporulation in B. subtilis. In sporulation the cell divides asymmetrically, with a septum formation near poles. During vegetative grown the divisiome does not occur near poles because of MinC, MinD and DivIVA action, relevant for spatial regulation of division. MinCD and DivIVA are inhibitors of Z ring formation that during vegetative growth are located at poles. A hypothesis to explain the use of polar sites for division during sporulation would be that MinCD and DivIVA would be removed from cellular poles. To test this hypothesis, we studied the location of MinCD and DivIVA proteins during sporulation. Our results demonstrated that MinCD and DivIVA re-localize and leave to cell poles 9 during sporulation. However this process occurs after asymmetric Z ring formation, suggesting that Z ring would be unresponsive to this inhibitors during sporulation. Through genetics assays in B. subtilis we demonstrated that SpoIIE protein, known to probably play a role in asymmetric septum formation, would be able to contrapose MinC action during early sporulation. Therefore, we propose a novel model for change the symmetric to asymmetric division during sporulation, unlike the release of MinCD from pole proposed in the literature.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a pathogen frequently associated with antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections. Here, we describe the genome of KP-Rio/2015, a novel phage of K. pneumoniae belonging to the family Podoviridae.