RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre o peso corporal e as medidas corporais altura de garupa (ag), comprimento de garupa (cg), comprimento corporal (cc) e perímetro torácico (pt), 0,807; 0,440; 0,187 e 0,504 para vacas; 0,928; 0,735; 0,819 e 0,880 machos, e 0,942; 0,748; 0,902 0.807, 0.440, 0.187 and 0.504 for cows, 0.928, 0.735, 0.819 and 0.880 for males and 0.942, 0.748, 0.902 and 0.573 INTRODUÇÃOA determinação do peso corporal dos animais é importante para avaliar o crescimento e o estado nutricional, administrar adequadamente remédios e parasiticidas, estabelecer o valor de venda do animal de corte e ajustar o arraçoamento. Entretanto, a realidade econômica das fazendas leiteiras do Brasil muitas vezes não permite a aquisição de balanças para realizar a pesagem dos animais. Para minimizar tal deficiência, pode ser utilizada a alternativa de se predizer o peso por meio de algumas medidas corporais.

RESUMO A indústria leiteira, visando a aumentar o rendimento industrial de seus produtos e melhorar a qualidade desses para atender à demanda do mercado consumidor, tem sido cada vez mais exigente com seus fornecedores de matéria-prima. Supõe-se que o tipo de ordenha e metodologias de coleta influenciam a composição físico-química e a contagemProcedimentos de coleta de leite cru individual e sua relação com a composição físico-química e a contagem de células somáticas

Silvopastoral systems (SPS) have been suggested as an approach to reduce pasture degradation and, consequently, reduce the deforestation of new areas in the Brazilian cerrado (savanna). This study assessed the contribution of trees to soil fertility in a silvopastoral system in Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 19°3 5′ 36″ S, 43°51′ 56″ W; altitude 747 m. The SPS has developed since 1984, through the use of natural regeneration of the native species Zeyheria tuberculosa Vell. Bur., with a density of 160 trees ha −1 . The forage component of the system was Brachiaria brizantha cv.Marandu. The control treatment was a pasture adjacent to SPS with the same forage but without the influence of trees. In 2005, the litterfall of trees (leaves, fruits, and stems) was collected monthly, and the dry matter yield and nutrient content were measured. Soil profile samples were collected in February 2006. The litterfall of trees represented considerable inputs of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca 2+ ). In the soil, organic matter (OM) and K reduced with depth. At this planting density, this tree species contributed mainly to amelioration of soil acidity, in the 0-2 cm layer and/or in the profile as a whole. In contrast, there were no significant differences in N, P, and K content of the control and SPS soil. This can be related to the high C/N and lignin/N ratios of the litter inputs. Agroforestry systems are complex and the site specific interactions among the components (tree, forage, and animal) must be understood to develop locally adapted systems and optimize productive efficiency. Consequently simple prescriptions for the implementation of SPS by land managers are unlikely.

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In the Brazilian Cerrado biome there are two major limitations to livestock production: low soil fertility and periods of low rainfall that may occur in all seasons of the year. The period when green forage is available to cattle can be extended if trees are cultivated in pasture lands, which creates a microclimate that would improve soil moisture retention and would contribute to soil nutrients cycling. An experiment was conducted in Confins, Minas Gerais state, Brazil in order to evaluate the forage produced in a 15 year silvopastoral system. The system was composed of Eucalyptus tree species (150 trees ha -1 ) and/or Urochloa brizantha (Stapf) Webster cv. Marandu forage. The pasture was sampled during the months of May, July and November of 2009, and forage production (quantitative and qualitative) and its bromatological composition were determined. The presence of trees in pasture did not reduce the production of dry matter forage during the studied period. Tree species also contributed to nutrient concentrations in forage, increasing levels of crude protein, mineral matter, phosphorus and calcium. In the area without trees, these levels were significantly lower than in the silvopastoral system. The silvopastoral system proved to be a sustainable option for animal production, contributing to the nutritive value of forage during the periods of insufficient rainfall.

RESUMOO crescimento da renda e da população mundial tem demandado um aumento de alimentos e de insumos. Essas questões afetam diretamente a pecuária leiteira explorada em pastagens intensivas. Por meio deste estudo, buscou-se avaliar economicamente a estratégia da fertilização nitrogenada em pastagens destinadas a atividade leiteira, em distintos cenários econômicos e produtivos. Utilizou-se a margem bruta como indicador econômico. Ficou evidenciada a importância da eficiência da utilização de insumos e de forragem. No cenário atual de preços de fertilizante e de leite, a fertilização com nitrogênio (N) foi viável economicamente, principalmente em doses de, aproximadamente, 200 kg de N/ha/ano, quando houve fornecimento de concentrados e 400 kg de N/ha/ano, quando não ocorreu essa suplementação. Neste trabalho, a uréia apresentou melhor resultado econômico em relação ao sulfato de amônio.Tremos pra indexação: Alimentos, demanda, margem bruta, simulação, sustentabilidade. ABSTRACTIncome growth and world population growth has resulted in an increase of demand for food and supplies. These issues directly affect the dairy production in intensive grazing systems. The aim of this article is to evaluate economically the strategy of nitrogen fertilization in pasture for dairy activity in different economic and productive scenarios. Gross margin was used as economic indicator. The importance of efficient use of inputs and fodder was emphasized. In the current scenario of fertilizer and milk prices, fertilization with nitrogen (N) was economically viable, particularly in dosages of approximately 200 kg N / ha / year when there was a supply of concentrates and 400 kg N / ha / year when there was no such supplementation. In this work, the urea presented better economic results compared to ammonium sulfate.