A novel Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, irregular rod-shaped, non-motile and facultatively anaerobic actinobacterium, designated strain YIM 101269 T , was isolated from the faeces of Rhinoceros unicornis living in Yunnan Wild Animal Park, Yunnan province, south-west China. The isolate grew at 10-35 8C, at pH 6-12 and with 0-9 % (w/v) NaCl. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of the organism contained LL-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified polar lipids, one unidentified aminophospholipid and three unknown glycolipids. The major cellar fatty acid was anteiso-C 15 : 0 .MK-10(H 4 ) was the predominant menaquinone. The DNA G+C content was 69.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 101269 T belonged to the genus Tessaracoccus, closely related to Tessaracoccus flavescens DSM 18582 T (97.4 % similarity). Based on the evidence from the present study, strain YIM 101269 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tessaracoccus, for which the name Tessaracoccus rhinocerotis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 101269 T (5DSM 27579 T 5CCTCC AB 2013217 T ).The genus Tessaracoccus was erected by Maszenan et al. (1999) and was characterized as comprising facultatively aerobic, non-motile, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, non-sporeforming, coccoid-shaped bacteria. Strain YIM 101269 T was isolated from the faeces of Rhinoceros unicornis living in Yunnan Wild Animal Park, Yunnan province, south-west China. Fresh faeces of Rhinoceros unicornis was collected into a sterile bag immediately after defecation and brought back to the lab. The samples were dried at 28 8C for 1 week, then heated at 80 8C for 1 h and ground lightly with a sterile pestle. The sample was dissolved with 18 ml of 0.1 % Na 4 P 2 O 7 and shaken for 1 h. Finally, the sample was disrupted for 40 s using an ultrasonic wave device. The ultrasonic wave machine used was 160 W and 50 KHz. Aliquots (100 ml) of the serial diluent of the samples were spread onto YIM 6 agar plates. The isolation medium (YIM 6) contained 1 % soluble starch, 0.03 % casein, 0.2 % KNO 3 , 0.2 % NaCl, 0.2 % KH 2 PO 4 , 0.002 % CaCO 3 , 0.005 % MgSO 4 . 7H 2 O, 0.001 % FeSO 4 . 7H 2 O and 1.3 % agar, pH 7.2, plus 50 mg K 2 Cr 2 O 7 l 21 . The plates were incubated at 28 8C for 10 days. The purified strain was routinely cultivated on YIM 38 agar plates (0.4 % glucose,0.4 % yeast extract, 0.5 % malt extract, 3.7 mg vitamin mixture, 1.3 % agar, pH 7.2) at 28 8C and stored as aqueous glycerol suspensions (20 %, v/v) at 220 8C.Morphological observations under a light microscope (model BH2; Olympus) and scanning electron microscope (Quanta 200, FEI) were observed following the procedure described by Cheng et al. (2013). Gram-staining was 3These authors contributed equally to this work.
Huge numbers of bacteria reside in the digestive tract of host and these microorganisms play a vital role in the host health, especially in the digestion of food and the development of immune system. Host phylogeny and diet, especially long-term diet, both have great influence on the gut bacterial community. Other aspects of host, such as gender, age, and the geography and weather they lived, are also correlated to their gut bacterial community. Feces are usually used for gut bacteria study and fecal bacteria can represent the distal gut bacteria. In order to determine the influence of the host phylogeny and diet on the composition of distal gut bacterial community and to interpret bacterial population and diversity in the intestinal of animals, the distal gut bacterial community of four kinds of primates and five kinds of carnivora (including herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous) were investigated using high-throughput sequencing and the isolation of the Actinobacteria from fresh feces of several primates was processed. The results showed the host phylogeny had a greater influence on the distal gut bacterial community of the primates and carnivora than the host diet. A total of 44 bacteria phyla and two archaea phyla were detected, which indicated that the distal gut bacteria of these animals were abundant. The distal gut bacteria were relatively stable and wildly shared in primates and carnivora. The difference in distal gut bacteria of the two animal orders is mainly determined by relative abundance of most distal gut bacteria rather than by the taxa of these bacteria.
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