P. Gong et al. land-cover classification system as well as the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) system. Using the four classification algorithms, we obtained the initial set of global land-cover maps. The SVM produced the highest overall classification accuracy (OCA) of 64.9% assessed with our test samples, with RF (59.8%), J4.8 (57.9%), and MLC (53.9%) ranked from the second to the fourth. We also estimated the OCAs using a subset of our test samples (8629) each of which represented a homogeneous area greater than 500 m × 500 m. Using this subset, we found the OCA for the SVM to be 71.5%. As a consistent source for estimating the coverage of global land-cover types in the world, estimation from the test samples shows that only 6.90% of the world is planted for agricultural production. The total area of cropland is 11.51% if unplanted croplands are included. The forests, grasslands, and shrublands cover 28.35%, 13.37%, and 11.49% of the world, respectively. The impervious surface covers only 0.66% of the world. Inland waterbodies, barren lands, and snow and ice cover 3.56%, 16.51%, and 12.81% of the world, respectively.

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Iron nanoparticles are highly desirable for their potential applications in magnetic and catalytic industry. However, their shape-controlled fabrication is still an important challenge. Here we successfully synthesized icosahedral face-centered cubic (fcc) Fe nanoparticles with size of 5-13 nm by a specifically designed thermodynamic governed synthetic route, which is facile but highly efficient and reproducible. With the aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the unique icosahedral structure's pseudo-2-fold, 3-fold, and pseudo-5-fold axes were directly observed for the first time and verified by computer simulation, which reveals that nanoparticles' orientations have a large impact on HRTEM images at ultrahigh resolution. It is expected that as-synthesized Fe nanoparticles with sharp corners and edges would be beneficial for tailoring chemical and physical properties at the nanoscale.

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Abstract. A coupler is a fundamental software tool for Earth system modeling. Targeting the requirements of 3-D coupling, high-level sharing, common model software platform and better parallel performance, we started to design and develop a community coupler (C-Coupler) from 2010 in China, and finished the first version (C-Coupler1) recently. C-Coupler1 is a parallel 3-D coupler that achieves the same (bitwise-identical) results with any number of processes. Guided by the general design of C-Coupler, C-Coupler1 enables various component models and various coupled models to be integrated on the same common model software platform to achieve a higher-level sharing, where the component models and the coupler can keep the same code version in various model configurations for simulation. Moreover, it provides the C-Coupler platform, a uniform runtime environment for operating various kinds of model simulations in the same manner. C-Coupler1 is ready for Earth system modeling, and it is publicly available. In China, there are more and more modeling groups using C-Coupler1 for the development and application of models.

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