“…It links component models together to construct a coupled model, and controls the integration of the whole coupled model. A number of couplers now are available for model coupling, e.g., the Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT; Jacob et al, 2015), the Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice Soil coupling software (OASIS) coupler (Redler et al, 2010;Valcke, 2013), the Earth System Modelling Framework (ESMF; Hill et al, 2004), the CPL6 coupler (Craig et al, 2005), the CPL7 coupler (Craig et al, 2012), the Flexible Modelling System (FMS) coupler (Balaji et al, 2006), the Bespoke Framework Generator (BFG;Ford et al, 2006;Armstrong et al, 2009), and the community coupler version 1 (C-Coupler1; Liu et al, 2014) that include data transfer between component models and data interpolation between different model grids (Valcke et al, 2012). A coupler generally has much smaller overhead than other component models.…”