Dramatic advances in immune therapy have emerged as a promising strategy in cancer therapeutics. In addition to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, inhibitors targeting immune-checkpoint molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) demonstrate impressive clinical benefits in clinical trials. In this review, we present background information about therapies involving PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and provide an overview of current clinical trials. Furthermore, we present recent advances involving predictive biomarkers associated with positive therapeutic outcomes in cancer immunotherapy.
In the original publication of this article [1] the name of the fifth author is uncorrect. The correct name of the fifth author should be Wei-Chiao Chang rather than Wei-Chao Chang. The original publication has been corrected.
Introduction: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can occur after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and can affect the skin, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, liver, and vulvovaginal areas. Case Presentation: This case report described a 65-year-old multiparous patient with myelodysplastic syndrome who underwent a matched unrelated donor transplant approximately 3 years before her surgery. After her BMT she developed GVHD. She underwent anterior and posterior repair and uterosacral ligament suspension for stage III post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse. Her postoperative course was complicated by mental status changes, abnormal liver function tests, and increasing abdominal distention. All her post-operative symptoms were resolved with conservative management. Conclusions: This case presentation highlights the potential atypical post-operative course of BMT patients with GVHD. The management of patients with GVHD relies heavily on the early involvement of hematologists.
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