Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription.Graphene resonators are future promising in terms of ultra-low weight, high Young's modulus, strength and wideband resonance frequencies. Besides that, nanoscale optical wireless channels including visible light spectrum are alternatives to radio-frequency communications promising energy efficiency and high data rates. In this article, vibrating multi-layer graphene nanoelectromechanical resonators are combined with designed vibrating Forster resonance energy transfer (VFRET) mechanism to achieve a nanoscale acousto-optic modulator converting vibrations to multi-color photon emissions. The frequency, color and the vibration sensitivity of emission are tunable while vibrations are realized either passively or actively by exploiting acoustic, thermo-acoustic or opto-acoustic properties of graphene. The light is generated by FRET mechanism with oscillating donor-acceptor distance where donor molecules attached on graphene are chosen as CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs with significant properties of broad absorption spectrum, large cross-sections, tunable emission spectra, size dependent emission wavelength, high photochemical stability and improved quantum yield. The designed modulator achieves acoustic and ultrasound frequencies between several KHz and tens of MHz and radiation power reaching several nanowatts with resonator sizes of hundreds of micrometers for ambient light intensity of 0.1 W/m2/nm. The proposed system promises significant applications including nanoscale acousto-optic communication, transduction, sensing, energy harvesting and biomedical nanoscale communications.Vestel Electronics Inc
Biological particle tracking systems monitor cellular processes or particle behaviors with the great accuracy. The emissions of fluorescent molecules or direct images of particles are captured with cameras or photodetectors. The current imaging systems have challenges in detection, collection, and analysis of imaging data, penetration depth, and complicated set-ups. In this paper, a signaling-based nanoscale acousto-optic radar and microfluidic multiple particle tracking (MPT) system is proposed based on the theoretical design providing nanoscale optical modulator with vibrating Förster resonance energy transfer and vibrating cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide quantum dots (QDs) on graphene resonators. The modulator combines significant advantages of graphene membranes having wideband resonance frequencies with QDs having broad absorption spectrum and tunable properties. The solution denoted by chirp spread spectrum(CSS) Tag utilizes classical radar target tracking approaches in nanoscale environments based on the capability to generate CSS sequences identifying different bio-particles. Monte Carlo simulations show significant performance for MPT with a modulator of dimension and several picograms of weight, the signal-to-noise ratio in the range from -7 to 10 dB, simple light emitting diode sources with power less than 4 W/cm and high speed tracking for microfluidic environments.
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two molecules in nanoscale distances is utilized in significant number of applications including biological and chemical applications, monitoring cellular activities, sensors, wireless communications and recently in nanoscale microfluidic radar design denoted by the vibrating FRET (VFRET) exploiting hybrid resonating graphene membrane and FRET design. In this article, a low hardware complexity and novel microfluidic viscosity monitoring system architecture is presented by exploiting VFRET in a novel microfluidic system design. The donor molecules in a microfluidic channel are acoustically vibrated resulting in VFRET in the case of nearby acceptor molecules detected with their periodic optical emission signals. VFRET does not require complicated hardware by directly utilizing molecular interactions detected with the conventional photodetectors. The proposed viscosity measurement system design is theoretically modeled and numerically simulated while the experimental challenges are discussed. It promises point-of-care and environmental monitoring applications including viscosity characterization of blood or polluted water.
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