This paper explores the concept of ‘global public goods’ (GPGs) in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It argues that many of the tasks involved in public health, and in particular those involved in the control of an infectious disease like COVID-19, ought to be treated as GPGs that can only be effectively delivered through international cooperation. It sets out what a cooperative response to the COVID-19 pandemic should look like and introduces ideas for further discussion about how it might be financed.
Peptides and peptidomimetics
represent the middle space between
small molecules and large proteinsthey retain the relatively
small size and synthetic accessibility of small molecules while providing
high binding specificity for biomolecular partners typically observed
with proteins. During the course of our efforts to target intracellular
protein–protein interactions in cancer, we observed that the
cellular uptake of peptides is critically determined by the cell linespecifically,
we noted that peptides show better uptake in cancer cells with enhanced
macropinocytic indices. Here, we describe the results of our analysis
of cellular penetration by different classes of conformationally stabilized
peptides. We tested the uptake of linear peptides, peptide macrocycles,
stabilized helices, β-hairpin peptides, and cross-linked helix
dimers in 11 different cell lines. Efficient uptake of these conformationally
defined constructs directly correlated with the macropinocytic activity
of each cell line: high uptake of compounds was observed in cells
with mutations in certain signaling pathways. Significantly, the study
shows that constrained peptides follow the same uptake mechanism as
proteins in macropinocytic cells, but unlike proteins, peptide mimics
can be readily designed to resist denaturation and proteolytic degradation.
Our findings expand the current understanding of cellular uptake in
cancer cells by designed peptidomimetics and suggest that cancer cells
with certain mutations are suitable mediums for the study of biological
pathways with peptide leads.
Cartan subalgebras play a very important role in the classification of the finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. It is well-known [5, 273] that any two Cartan subalgebras of such an algebra are conjugate, i.e. images of one another under some automorphism of the algebra. On the other hand, there exist finitedimensional simple Lie algebras over fields of finite characteristic p possessing non-conjugate Cartan subalgebras [2; 3; 4]. The simple Lie algebras discovered by Zassenhaus [6] also possess non-conjugate Cartan subalgebras, and we shall give a complete classification of Cartan subalgebras of these algebras in this paper.
This paper reports on the design, simulation and opto-electro-mechanical characterization of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) scanner actuated by an out-of-plane (vertical) electrothermal actuator that was fabricated using a single layer silicon-on-insulator (SOI) foundry process. The overall size of the scanner, including the micromirror and the actuator, is 2 mm × 1 mm. A maximum static mechanical tilting angle of 5° is achieved at a dc driving voltage of 18 V and current of 23 mA, corresponding to a 10° optical scan angle. The scanner can be operated from dc to low frequencies (the 3 dB bandwidth is from 0 Hz to 80 Hz), which meets the requirement for certain practical opto-electronic systems such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems. The scanner has a maximum mechanical tilting angle of 8° at its resonant frequency of 2.19 kHz, corresponding to a total of 16° maximum optical scan angle. Simulations of static and dynamic performances of the scanner have been conducted using finite element method (FEM) software, resulting in outcomes similar to the experimental findings. A thermal response time of 60 ms is calculated numerically using heat flow theory, while a thermal response time of 55.6 ms was experimentally obtained by analysing the intensity distribution of the scanned patterns generated when using a square driving waveform to drive the scanner.
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