One of the basic measures of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic is a lockdown policy with reduced contacts and physical distance. This presents a challenge, especially for fast-moving-consumer-goods (FMCG) supply chains, which are characterized by a large number of physical contacts between employees in production, physical distribution, wholesale, and retail. One of the ways to comply with the prescribed measures with the smooth functioning of the supply chain is the complete digitalization and automation of all business activities and operations based on the application of the Internet of Things (IoT). In this regard, this paper aims to analyze the setbacks to the digitalization of business processes and the sustainability of the FMCG supply chain based on the implementation of IoT. The research has been conducted among the participants in the standardization chain in the sectors of production, physical distribution, wholesale, and retail of FMCG in the Western Balkans region during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed significant differences between business sectors in terms of the intensity of setbacks to successful IoT implementation. Based on the obtained results, a set of measures and incentives was proposed that the competent institutions and the management of the FMCG supply chain should apply to encourage the digitalization process. Suggestions for future research are given in the paper.
This work aims to define the impact of different indicators on the sustainability of food placement in the retail sector, during periods of crisis and emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. An empirical survey conducted in the Western Balkans (WB) region showed that indicators such as developed infrastructure, consistency, and transparency of the supply chain, skilled workers, costs, food safety, food prices, energy consumption, and changes in consumer needs are statistically significant since they affect the sustainability of food placement in the retail sector. As food placement and the retail sector itself are inseparable from other participants in the food supply chain (FSC), an analysis was conducted at the level of all FSC sectors. The results showed some deviations viewed individually in the sectors of production, physical distribution, wholesale, and retail, and in selected Western Balkan countries. Based on the results obtained, the sustainability model of food placement in the retail sector has been defined. The model will serve as the basis for defining the set of measures and incentives that competent institutions and FSC management need to undertake, to minimize the impact of indicators that endanger sustainability. The originality of the study lies in the fact that it fills the research gap that exists in this subject matter in academic research and studies in the WB region. In addition, some indicators important for food placement have been precisely isolated, with the definition of the intensity of their impact, observed overall at the level of the entire FSC as well as by individual sectors. Guidelines and suggestions for future research are listed in the paper.
This paper aims to define the negative impact of various indicators on the sustainability and functioning of the traditional food supply chain (FSC) in the segment of wholesale and retail activities and to propose a set of measures and incentives for the digitalization of its business processes. After a systematic review of the literature, the most common indicators significant for the functioning of the FSC were defined, primarily in the segment of wholesale and retail activities. Empirical research examined the influence of given indicators on the FSC. The obtained results showed that indicators such as poor coordination and transfer of information among FSC participants, food loss, economic performance, transaction costs, external elements, chemical and microbial contamination, and control of raw material, food, and waste flows significantly complicate the sustainability and functioning of the FSC. Based on the obtained results, a set of measures and incentives is proposed that the management of the supply chain should undertake to digitalize business processes, primarily in the segment of wholesale and retail activities. This paper also lists shortcomings of the research and gives guidelines for future research.
The research aims to identify the limitations and expectations of producers, transport companies, distributors and retailers in introducing intelligent packaging into supply chains of food products on the market of the Western Balkans. The limitations and benefits from the use of intelligent packaging have been identified in transportation, storage, operations of physical handling and display of food products at the place of their final purchase. The results have shown that there are significant differences in terms of limitations affecting the implementation of intelligent packaging into business operations of supply chains, bearing in mind the business type, number of employees, available capital and integrated standards into business operations. In contrast to this, the results point that there are no significant differences in terms of benefits that the analysed entities expect from introducing intelligent packaging into their systems. A set of measures and incentives have been defined for the competent institutions and food supply chain management to take, in order to minimize the restrictions and advance the implementation of intelligent packaging. The proposals and suggestions for further research are stated in the paper.
The aim of this paper is to define the significance of different indicators that affect the expected benefit of customers when using loyalty cards in the purchasing process in the retail sector. As the most important indicators that affect expectations while using loyalty cards, the following was tested: price discounts, more efficient service and rewards, personalized communication, payment option, better information, status symbols and additional benefits. The research was conducted on a sample of 552 holders of loyalty cards of the largest retail chains in selected Central Europe (CE) and South East Europe (SEE) countries. The values of indicators for different categories of customers and different markets can be determined based on the obtained results and conducted tests. The determined values of the indicators are the basis for the formation of a regression model that will serve the chain managers to optimize the loyalty programs in relation to the identified customer expectations.
SažetakKonkurentnost u međunarodnom poslovnom okruženju predstavlja ključ-ni instrument uspeha, odnosno evaluacije stvorene vrednosti svih uče-snika u lancu vrednosti. Ona se može vrednovati pomoću različitih pokazatelja, uz uvažavanje velikog broja faktora od uticaja na njenu složenu strukturu. Otuda ona predstavlja okvir kojim se potvrđuju konkurentske prednosti/nedostaci, kako na makro nivou, tako i u odnosu na mikro nivo odnosno same privredne subjekte i njihovu ponudu. Konkurentnost se može posmatrati na nivou čitavih nacionalnih privreda, industrijskih grana i sektora, kao i na nivou pojedinačnih proizvoda. Najčešći pristup komparaciji dostignutog nivoa konkurentnosti dovodi u vezi iskazanu cenu koštanja i/ili prodajnu cenu u odnosu na kvalitativne (vrednosne) aspekte proizvoda/usluge.Polazna tačka u ostvarivanju konkurentnosti celokupne nacionalne ekonomije su cene i kvalitet inputa. Efikasnost poslovanja uvažava uticaj svih inputa, a posebno onih čije je relativno učešće u ukupnoj ceni koštanja visoko. Za razliku od visoko automatizovanih proizvodnih procesa, poljoprivreda i pored porasta stepena automatizacije i dalje predstavlja radno intenzivnu delatnost. To je izdvaja u odnosu na druge privredne grane zbog visokog uticaja produktivnosti, kao i uticaja klimatskih i drugih prirodnih faktora. Istovremeno, poljoprivreda predstavlja i veoma značajan ekonomsko-socijalni sektor, pa su u različitim nacionalnim ekonomijama prisutni različiti koncepti makroekonomskih mera kojima se stimuliše ravnomeran regionalni razvoj poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Veoma visok nivo uticaja na konkurentnost poljoprivrednih proizvoda u Republici Srbiji imaju makroekonomski faktori koji opredeljuju opšti poslovni ambijent za razvoj poljoprivrede i njenu konkurentnost u celini. Ključne reči: konkurentnost, komparacija cena, makroekonomske mere AbstractCompetitiveness in the international business environment is a key instrument of success and evaluation of created value of all participants in the value chain. It can be assessed using a variety of indicators, taking into account many factors affecting its complex structure. Hence, it is a framework affirming the competitive advantages/disadvantages on the macro and micro-level as well as on the level of companies and their product offer. Competitiveness can be analyzed at the levels of national economy, industrial sectors, as well as individual products level. The most common approach to the comparison of achieved competitiveness level relates to product costs and/or market price compared to quality (value) aspects of the product/service.Prices and the quality of inputs feature as the starting points for competitiveness of the national economy. Efficiency of operations recognizes the impact of all inputs, especially those whose relative share in the total production cost is high. In contrast to the highly automated production processes, agriculture remains a labour-intensive activity, despite the increase in the level of automation. It is an exception compared to other industries du...
The paper is focused on market research of private label development in Serbia from 2005 to 2010. Core objective of the paper relates to the comparative analyses of private labels portfolios and strategies between different retail formats. The data used for the research are official statistical data and data collected within the interviews of consumers (200 samples) and private labels managers in four retail chains. Characteristics of private labels between different product categories are not high statistically different from its characteristics at EU markets. Private labels will continue to raise its market and category shares with the high rate in the next 5 years at Serbian retail market.
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