Our results showed that both socioeconomic and chronic complications are relevant factors of HRQOL in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Age, rural lifestyle, retirement, lower level of education and low socioeconomic status, as well as DM complications (angina pectoris, hearth failure, diabetes nephropathy, and diabetes retinopathy) were found to be independent risk factors for the component scores of SF-36 and EQ-VAS score. Taking into consideration the results obtained, health practitioners should be aware not only of the clinical parameters of patients with DM, but also of their educational level and working status.

Background/Aims: Energy homeostasis is a balance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Leptin and ghrelin are two orexitropic hormones with opposite effect on energy homeostasis. We investigated fasting ghrelin and leptin levels in children with different nutritional conditions. Methods: In 30 obese children of both sexes, aged from 6 to 17.67 years (mean 13.04 ?2.95), fasting ghrelin and leptin levels were measured, along with auxological assessment and pubertal staging. These results were analyzed and compared with the same parameters of 33 lean and 25 undernourished (UN) children. Results: Mean ghrelin/BM (body mass) level was the lowest in obese children, (21,75?12,60 pg/ml/kg) with high significance in comparison with lean and UN subjets. Mean leptin/kg level of 56.12?96.94 in obese, was significantly higher than in lean and UN children (p<0.01 and p<0.001 respectively). Ghrelin and leptin levels showed different profiles in obese, lean and UN children. An inverse relationship was discovered between study groups in ghrelin/leptin and leptin/ghrelin ratios. Conclusion: Obese children, compared to other children, demonstrate significantly higher values of leptin, and UN children demonstrate significantly higher values of ghrelin per kilogram of body weight. The results also illustrate the inverse ratio of ghrelin and leptin, which has been demonstrated as a clinically reliable indicant of the status of obesity or undernutrition in children, with significant implications concerning rather large variations in the concentration of these hormones not only with body mass, but also with age of the children. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 31060]

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Background/Aim. Recent data have shown that obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have more commonly impaired glycemic control and complication such as neuropathy as well as a higher mortality rate than normal body weight patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to quantify patient-reported rates of hypoglycemia, determine body mass index (BMI) and evaluate their association with health-related quality of life (HRQL) estimated by EuroQoL-EQ 5-dimensional (EQ-5D) questionnaire in individuals with T2DM after adjusting for age, duration of diabetes mellitus and presence of late diabetes complications. Methods. This clinical-epidemiological cross sectional study involved 269 consecutively selected adult patients of both sexes with T2DM duration longer than one year. The standardized Serbian version of the EQ-5D 3 level version-EQ-5D-3L questionnaire with a visual analogue scale-VAS (EQ-VAS), was used to assess respondents' HRQL and utility values. Results. The average age of participants was 65.1 ± 9.3 years; hypoglycemia was registered in 71.0%, obesity in 43.9% and chronic complications in 88.8% of the patients. Half of the patients did not reach the target value of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 7.0%. Patients that experienced episodes of hypoglycemia years compared to those with good glycemic control were significantly younger at diagnosis (54.19 vs