Los impactos sobre los servicios de los ecosistemas debidos a la actividad humana son un hecho. Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (MDGs), las propuestas de mitigación y adaptación del Grupo Intergubernamental de expertos sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) en sus sucesivos informes, así como las propuestas por parte de Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) no pueden pasar desapercibidos para los proyectos en general y para los proyectos de construcción en particular. La cantidad de residuos generados por el sector así como la cantidad de recursos consumidos (energía, materias primas) en todo el ciclo de vida (construcción, explotación, mantenimiento y deconstrucción) contribuyen decididamente al aumento de la huella ecológica humana. Los objetivos y requisitos para la Dirección Integrada de Proyectos de Ingeniería Civil tienen que cambiar. El fin ya no es sólo la consecución del triple objetivo (plazo, coste y calidad) y de las prestaciones establecidas por el promotor. Ahora existen nuevos objetivos y requisitos de sostenibilidad en los proyectos de construcción. Se analizan las herramientas y técnicas realizadas en el campo de la construcción para lograr la consecución de una construcción más sostenible y se propone un marco metodológico de gestión sostenible dentro de los estándares de Dirección Integrada de Proyectos.
In recent years, eco-driving has proven to be an effective tool for reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Until now, most research carried out has focused on ordinary drivers applying eco-driving techniques on their usual routes. However, there is little research on professional driver couriers. This research is aimed at analyzing the effects that eco-driving has on fuel consumption and GHG emissions on courier deliveries in small cities such as Caceres (Spain). For this purpose, a real-life experiment was performed with professional drivers with Spanish post vans from the public sector company Correos. In the first period, driving was under normal conditions (non-eco), and after a theoretical training eco-driving course, there was a second driving period (eco). Driving parameters (speeds, accelerations, rpm, and consumptions) were recorded on all trips to analyze how effective the eco-driving was. The research concluded that eco-driving training does not correlate with more sustainable driving for professional drivers under pressure with the need to deliver packages on time. However, there is a trend in fuel savings when using higher capacity routes.
Detection of hidden explosives is of utmost importance for homeland security. Several configurations of an Explosives Detection System (EDS) to intercept hidden threats, made up with a Deuterium-Deuterium (D-D) compact neutron generator and NaI (Tl) scintillation detectors, have been evaluated using MCNP6 code. The system's response to various samples of explosives, such as RDX and Ammonium Nitrate, is analysed. The D-D generator is able to produce fast neutrons with 2.5 MeV energy in a maximum yield of 10 n/s. It is surrounded by high-density polyethylene to thermalize the fast neutrons and to optimize interactions with the sample inspected, whose emission of gamma rays gives a characteristic spectrum of the elements that constitute it. This procedure allows to determine its chemical composition and to identify the type of substance. The necessary shielding is evaluated to estimate its thicknesses depending on the admissible dose of operation, using lead and polyethylene. The results show that its functionality is promising in the field of national security for explosives inspection.
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