Prevalence rates of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were estimated from a probability sample of 2,509 adults from 4 cities in Mexico. PTSD was assessed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; WHO, 1997). Lifetime prevalence of exposure and PTSD were 76% and 11.2%, respectively. Risk for PTSD was highest in Oaxaca (the poorest city), persons of lower socioeconomic status, and women. Conditional risk for PTSD was highest following sexual violence, but nonsexual violence and traumatic bereavement had greater overall impact because of their frequency. Of lifetime cases, 62% became chronic; only 42% received medical or professional care. The research demonstrates the importance of expanding the epidemiologic research base on trauma to include developing countries around the world.

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155 Transplanting seedlings of flowers and vegetables in greenhouses can be ranked among the stationary cropping processes. When tomatoes are growing, it is necessary to replant them from the pre-planting containers to bigger silvicultural packets after approximately 15 days. This process is provided by the staff without any mechanisation in the small and middle businesses. The seedlings are taken out by hand together with the ball of soil from the pre-planting containers and then they are planted into bigger silvicultural packets with a dibber. in special growing seedlings businesses (Montano Valtr, s.r.o. and Zahradnictví Lysá nad Labem-Litol), flowerpot machines are used. These machines stream the replant process. They fill in the silvicultural bin with the soil and then dig a hole. The whole process is easier but the manual work is necessary even here because the seedlings have to be put in manually. This paper is aimed at this work. The fact that industrial Robots and Manipulators (henceforth iR+M) can be used for this operation has been pointed out by a number of authors. it was already Krutz (1983) who recommended the application of iR+M for transplanting seedlings, mainly due to the monotonous character of this work. The research on the development of a robotic transplanter and its components began several years ago. Hwang and Sistler (1986) developed a commercial pepper transplanter using a basic robotic manipulator. Simonton (1991) developed an end-effector for the handling and manipulating of geranium cuttings. He controlled the position, velocity, and force of the end-effector to minimise damage to the petioles and main stem. An end-effector which utilises a rack and pinion mechanism was developed by Kim et al. (1995). The end-effector converted the rotational motion of the stepping motor to the clipping motion of the finger. Kutz et al. (1986) dealt with an experiment aimed at the verification of applicability of the PUMA industrial Robot (henceforth iR) for transplanting seedlings of tomatoes and marigolds from pre-planting containers with 392 partitions into planting containers with 36 partitions. The objective of this experiment was to define a working cycle of the robot, check its performance, and develop an appropriate end-effector. The verification tests showed that the Abstract: The article deals with the verification of applicability of different types of ABB industrial robots for transplanting seedlings. initial hypothesis was formulated at the beginning namely that the robots with full rotary series and parallel kinematical structure can be employed in the operation of transplanting seedlings. Testing was performed on real types of robots iRB 1400, iRB 140T and iRB 140B, and using model application. The robot iRB 340 was tested in virtual simulation only. Based on the measurements, it was found out that all real robots tested are able to perform the operation of seedlings transplanting involving 36 plants with the cycle duration below 2.7 min and at 100% success rate. Within the given rang...

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Analyses were conducted to estimate lifetime and current prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) for four representative cities of Mexico, to identify variables that influence the probability of MDD, and to further describe depression in Mexican culture. A multistage probability sampling design was used to draw a sample of 2,509 adults in four different regions of Mexico. MDD was assessed according to DSM-IV criteria by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview collected by trained lay interviewers. The prevalence of MDD in these four cities averaged 12.8% for lifetime and 6.1% for the previous 12 months. MDD was highly comorbid with other mental disorders. Women were more likely to have lifetime MDD than were men. Being divorced, separated, or widowed (compared to married or never married) and having experienced childhood trauma were related to higher lifetime prevalence but not to current prevalence. In addition, age and education level were related to current 12-month MDD. Data on the profile of MDD in urban Mexico are provided. This research expands our understanding of MDD across cultures.

Habitat destruction has been identified as one of the main threats to biodiversity. Among all factors causing habitat disturbance, wildfire is recognized as one of the most important ecological forces that influences not only the physical environment, but also the structure and composition of floral and faunal communities. These processes are often translated in population bottlenecks, which occur frequently in threatened species and result in loss of genetic diversity and evolutionary potential. In this study, we analyzed the genetic consequences of a demographic bottleneck produced by a forest fire that reduced the population of the endangered blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea polatzeki), which inhabits the island of Gran Canaria, to approximately 122 individuals. Analysis of nine microsatellite loci revealed that, while a decline in census was observed during the bottleneck, there was no observed excess of heterozygosity or evidence of a decline in allelic richness, two characteristic bottleneck signatures. On the contrary, we observed that the Gran Canaria blue chaffinch has retained significant levels of genetic diversity and shows no evidence of an increased level of inbreeding (F IS ) either before or after the bottleneck. The results from this study have important implications for the conservation of this endangered subspecies and provide insights concerning management strategies to prevent its extinction.

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This work studies the contribution of each step of the steam explosion (residence time and sudden decompression) of wheat straw. Raw wheat straw and wheat straw with different degrees of xylan extraction were subjected to a steam explosion without residence time at 160, 180, 200, or 220 °C, in order to identify the individual contribution of the sudden pressure change upon enzymatic digestibility, xylan extraction, and lignin release. In addition, the contribution of the residence time of the biomass in the reactor before the explosion was estimated using pretreated biomass prepared by autohydrolysis at 180−220 °C with a residence time of up to 56 min. Results show that steam explosion alone does not have significant effects on digestibility, xylan extraction, or lignin release of raw wheat straw. For autohydrolyzed biomass, steam explosion of 200 °C and above increases glucose release after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis at an enzymatic dose of 22 mg protein/g substrate. Digestibility at several enzymatic doses were also tested. No significant differences between autohydrolyzed biomass either before or after steam explosion were observed with an enzymatic dosage of 44 mg protein/g substrate. A simple mathematical model based on experimental results is proposed to describe the effect of steam explosion variables (residence time and temperature) on digestibility.