This chapter discusses the theoretical and methodological issues of creating a developmental perspective on executive function (EF) in childhood and adolescence. Focusing on school periods, this section outlines the development of the basic components of EF-inhibition, working memory, and attention. Cognitive and neurophysiological evaluations show that despite the emergence of EF in the first few years of life, it continues to grow significantly in childhood and adolescence. The components vary slightly according to their developmental sequence. The chapter links findings to long-standing developmental issues (i.e. developmental sequences and processes) and suggests the necessary research to establish a developmental framework covering early childhood throughout adolescence.
OBJECTIVES:The determinants of subjective well-being have been largely investigated in recent years. According to Pavot and Diener who have developed TSWL (Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale), to assess the life satisfaction level of an individual according to temporal factors, subjective well-being is composed of two constructs: an emotional or affective component (i.e. positive and negative affects) and a conceptual or cognitive component (i.e. satisfaction with life, marriage, work, and leisure). The aim of this study was to adapt the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale into Turkish (TSWLS-T) and examine the reliability and validity of this new Turkish version. METHODS: The study was conducted in four phases with randomly chosen 236 participants (113 females, 123 males) and the mean age of sample was 38.6 ± 12.5 years. Cultural adaptation was implemented according to the internationally suggested method and a pretest was administered to examine the language equivalence. Since the scale had high levels of language equivalence, validity and reliability studies were conducted. For construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis was employed. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was used in order to evaluate the validity of TSWLS-T, since internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and intra-class coefficients) and test-retest analysis were employed to estimate instrument reliability.
RESULTS:The TSWLS-T demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.87 for the total scale and ranging between 0.76 and 0.88 for the subscales. The test-retest reliability was also satisfactory, with intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.81 for the total scale and ranging between 0.61 and 0.74 for the subscales (p < 0.01). Fit indices of the model supported the factor structure. However, the 1st, 5th, and 11th items in scale (past, present, and future) showed a series of problems. With these items excluded, the 12-item model provided a better fit to the data than the 15-item model while the factor structure remained almost unchanged. The author recommends that the 12-item TSWLS be used to measure temporal life satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The TSWLS-T is a valid and reliable measure to assess life satisfaction in Turkish.
ARTICLE HISTORY
There are 12.5 million people with disabilities in Turkey according to the research conducted in recent years. It is an unquestionable fact that attitudes and behaviors towards people with disabilities. Their lives and harmony with the society describe social interactions. The awareness and attitudes of health professionals towards people with disabilities may affect the quality of service for people with disabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of occupational therapy student’s mindfulness and the well-being on the attitude towards people with disabilities. The study was conducted with 134 students at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy. The Attitudes Towards Disabled People Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Adolescent Subjective Well Being Scale were the used scales. According to the regression analysis, the student’s mindfulness and well-being affected their attitudes towards people with disabilities.Mindfulness was related with positive emotions and life satisfaction according to sub-scale of Adolescent Subjective Well Being Scale while attitude was related with satisfaction in relationships with precious people of Adolescent Subjective Well Being Scale (p<0.05). As a result, it was found that the occupational therapy students at different classes have positive attitudes towards people with disabilities. Increasing consciousness mindfulness and the well-being is important for reducing negative attitudes and behaviors. Therefore, the relationship between mindful attention, well-being and attitudes towards disabilities need to be examined with details in the non-health profession’s departments. Those results are compared with the health professionals’ results.
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