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The Lavandula genus, belonging to the Lamiaceae, includes 39 species, with nearly 400 registered cultivars. Lavandula are worldwide plants that occur over the Mediterranean, Europe, North Africa, southwest Asia to southeast India. Lavandula plants have been used since ancient time to flavor and preserved food, to treat diseases including wound healing, sedative, antispasmodic, microbial and viral infections. Numerous researches have described the chemical composition and the primary components of lavender oils are the monoterpenoids (linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, β-ocimene, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor), sesquiterpenoids (β-caryophyllene and nerolidol) and other terpenoid compounds (e.g., perillyl alcohol). The high concentrations of linalyl acetate make them attractive in perfumery, flavoring, cosmetics and soap industries. Currently, data on the antimicrobial activity of lavender plants have been scientifically confirmed. Indeed, lavender essential oils possess wide spectra of biological activities such as antispasmodic, carminative, analgesic, sedative, hypotensive, antiseptic, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiuretic and general tonic action. In addition, clinical studies support their uses as treatment of health conditions. However, further clinical studies are necessary to define the magnitude of the efficacy, mechanisms of action, optimal doses, long-term safety, and, potential side effects of lavender plants.

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This study offers a suitable and easy proliposome-liposome method that enhances the encapsulation ability of liposome structures on poor water-soluble extracts. Pollen phenolic extract (PPE) was studied to show applicability in the proposed method. The poor water-soluble PPE (0.2%, w/v) was encapsulated by liposomes generated from proliposomes (P-liposomes) that were prepared via high-pressure homogenization technique without using any organic solvents and high temperature. Only a few drops of ethanol were used to dissolve poor water-soluble compounds in PPE during the preparation of P-liposomes. The trace amount of ethanol maintained the improvement of PPE solubility in P-liposome dispersion, hence the in vitro bioaccessibility and bioactivity of PPE incorporated in P-liposomes increased. Thus, higher encapsulation efficiency was found in P-liposomes compared to conventional liposomes (C-liposomes) in which the EE was 75 and 73%, respectively. To increase the physical stability of liposome structures, the surface of both P-liposomes and C-liposomes was covered with chitosan. There were found small changes between P-liposomes and C-liposomes in terms of mean diameter size and zeta potential. On the other hand, the bioactivity of encapsulated PPE showed differences in P-liposomes and C-liposomes. The antioxidant capacity of PPE in P-liposomes enhanced approximately two times in CUPRAC and three times in DPPH assays. Also, in vitro bioaccessibility of PPE in P-liposomes increased approximately 4 and 2 folds, respectively, regarding total phenolics and flavonoids. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the increment of encapsulation behavior of liposome structures on low water-soluble extract within an aqueous media.

Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the potency of polyphenolic extract from black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) root peel waste (PEBRRP) as an antioxidant food additive. PEBRRP was found a powerful antioxidant extract, in which had 172.9 ± 11.5, 462.72 ± 3.05, and 796.51 ± 10.4 mg TE per g dw of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by CUPRAC, DPPH, and FRAP assays, respectively. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of PEBRRP were found as 305.51 ± 5.2 mg GAE per g dw and 171.58 ± 6.2 mg CAE per g dw, respectively. The ferulic acid (28.02 ± 4.5 mg per g dw) and epicatechin (19.82 ± 3.6 mg per g dw) were identified as the main polyphenols in undigested PEBRRP. The bioaccessibility of total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds of PEBRRP was found approximately 5%, and the antioxidant capacity of bioaccessible PEBRPP fraction was determined 6% in CUPRAC, 36% in DPPH and 47% in FRAP methods.